The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

21 See Tagüeña, Testimonio de dos guerras, p. 230,

22 Ramón Salas, El Ejército Popular de la República, p. 1974.

23 Legion Condor Lageberichte BA-MA RL 35/5 H7175.

24 Reverte, La batalla del Ebro, p. 219.

25 Legion Condor, Lageberichte BA-MA RL 35/5 H7122.

26 Castells, Las Brigadas, p. 359.

27 Luís María de Lojendio, Operaciones militares de la guerra de España, Madrid, 1940.

28 Ciano, Diarios, p. 168.

29 Crónica, vol. v, p. 111.

30 Boletín del V Cuerpo del Ejército del Ebro.

31 Reverte, La batalla del Ebro, p. 564.

32 Togliatti, Escritos sobre la guerra de España, p. 253.

33 Stepánov, Las causas de la derrota…, p. 142.

CHAPTER 32: The Republic in the European Crisis

1 Azaña, Diarios completos, p. 1238.

2 Ibid., p. 1240.

3 Negrín to Rafael Méndez (Rafael Méndez in Indice, November–December 1971).

4 Azaña, Diarios completos, p. 1240.

5 Thomas, La guerra civil española, p. 911.

6 DGFP, p. 629.

7 Ciano, Diarios, p. 180.

8 Ibid., p. 183.

9 Azcárate, Mi embajada…, p. 240.

10 Colonel Ribbing’s report from Spain, General Staff, Former Secret Archive, Foreign Department, KA E III 26, vol. 1, p. 22.

11 Ibid.

12 Also in the United States, the FBI investigated US nationals who had served in the International Brigades, and later, during Senator McCarthy’s ‘witch-hunts’, Milton Woff, Alvah Bessie, Edwin Rolfe, John Gates, Robert Thompson, Irving Margollies and other members of the Lincoln Brigade were persecuted, with some imprisoned, while others found it very hard to obtain employment.

13 Finally in 1952, André Marty was expelled from the French Communist Party.

14 Ibárruri. Pamphlet published in Barcelona in 1938, quoted by Thomas, La guerra civil española, p. 916.

15 Castells, Las Brigadas…, pp. 383–4. Many of those communists who fought in Spain played important roles in their home countries during and after the war: Pietro Nenni, who became minister of foreign affairs in Italy; Luigi Longo, vice-president of the Italian Communist Party; Charles Tillon, minister for air in France between 1945 and 1948; Rol-Tanguy, the communist leader of the Paris uprising just before its liberation in August 1944; Enver Hodja, the dictator of Albania; Walter Ulbricht, the leader of East Germany; Josip Broz ‘Tito’, the leader of Yugoslavia; Erno Gerö, ‘Pedro’, minister of communications in Hungary; Ladislas Rajk, minister of the interior in Hungary and a number of others. Many would be purged. In Stalin’s eyes, service in Spain signified foreign contagion.

16 Colonel Ribbing’s report from Spain, General Staff, Former Secret Archive, Foreign Department, KA E III 26, vol. 1, p. 14.

17 Zugazagoitia, Guerra y vicisitudes, p. 487.

18 Gorkín, Arquer, Andrade, Escuder, Rebull, Adroher and Bonet.

19 15 December 1938, RGVA 35082/1/221, p. 2.

20 25 November 1938, RGVA 33987/3/1081, pp. 30–44, quoted in Radosh and Habeck, p. 506.

21 RGVA 33987/3/1081, p. 16.

22 Ibid., p. 80, quoted in Radosh and Habeck, pp. 498–9.

CHAPTER 33: The Fall of Catalonia

1 The Army of the Centre had around 100,000 men, while the Estremadura front had 50,000 and Andalucia 20,000. The Army of Levante had 21 under-strength divisions and four and a half in reserve. At the beginning of December 1938 the People’s Army possessed no more than 225,000 rifles, 4,000 light machine-guns and 3,000 machine-guns (Ramón Salas, Historia del Ejército Popular).

2 Negrín could also count on the support of a small group within the CNT around Mariano Vázquez, a larger group within the UGT and a fraction of the PSOE, led by its general secretary, Ramón Lamoneda.

3 Saborit, Julián Besteiro, Buenos Aires, 1967, p. 421.

4 Stevenson to Lord Halifax, 31 October 1938 in BDFA, vol. 27, Spain, July 1936–January 1940, p. 222.

5 Miralles, Juan Negrín, p. 302.

6 Ibid., p. 303. Negrín had asked for this arms shipment on 11 November in a letter delivered personally to Stalin by Hidalgo de Cisneros. Five annexes to the letter listed their needs, including 2,150 field guns, 120 anti-aircraft guns, 400,000 rifles, 10,000 machine-guns, 260 fighters, 150 bombers, 300,000 shells and so on. The shipment left Murmansk and reached Bordeaux on 15 January, by which time Tarragona had already fallen. Only a small part crossed the frontier and the republicans did not even have time to open the crates.

7 Ciano, Diarios, p. 223.

8 Thomas, La guerra civil española, p. 940.

9 Ciano, Diarios, p. 235.