The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

14 For the part played by intellectuals in the Spanish Civil War, see among others: Southworth, El mito de la cruzada de Franco;R. álvarez and R. López (eds), Poesia anglo-norteamericana de la guerra civil española, Salamanca, 1986; Robert Payne, The Civil War in Spain, 1936–1939, London, 1962 and Francisco Rico (ed.), Historia y crítica de la literatura española, vol. 7, Barcelona, 1984.

15 ‘Authors Take Sides’, in New Left Review.

16 Bertrand Russell, Roads to Freedom, London, 1948.

17 Supporters included Claudio Sánchez Albornoz, Américo Castro, Pau Casals, Rodolfo Halffter, Blas Cabrera, Alberto Jime´nez Fraud, Josep Ferrater Mora, Alfonso Rodríguez Castelao, Pere Bosch Gimpera, Luís Buñuel, Pablo Picasso and Joan Miró. Writers and others who took an active role, either in the trenches or behind the lines, included Antonio Machado, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Jorge Guillén, Pedro Salinas, Vicente Aleixandre, Rafael Alberti, Luis Cernuda, José Bergamín, León Felipe, Max Aub, José Moreno Villa, Ramón J. Sender, Miguel Hernández, Salvador Espriu, Juan Marichal, Francisco Ayala, Antonio Buero Vallejo, María Zambrano, Rafael Dieste, Juan Gil-Albert, Ramón Gaya, Teresa León, José Herrera Petere, Antonio Sanchez Barbudo, Manuel Altolaguirre, Emilio Prados, Pedro Garfias, Rosa Chacel, Antonio Agraz, Fe´lix Paredes, Leopoldo Urrutia, Lorenzo Varela, José María Morón, Benigno Bejarano, Eduardo Zamacois, Rafel Vidiella, Julio Sesto, A. Martínez de Luzenay, Silvia Mistral, Clemente Cimorra, Roger de Flor, Gabriel Baldrich, Manuel Cabanillas, Juan Usón (‘Juaninus’).

On the nationalist side supporters included Eugenio d’Ors, Manuel Machado, Jose´ María Pemán, Francisco Cossío, Concha Espina, José Muñoz San Román, Rafael García Serrano, Ricardo León, Wenceslao Fernández Flórez, Cecilio Benítez de Castro, Francisco Camba, Evaristo Casariego, Tomás Borrás, Josep Pla, Eduardo Marquina, Federico de Urrutia, Jose´ Camón Aznar, José María Castroviejo, Ignacio Agustí, Alvaro Cunqueiro, Pedro Laín Entralgo, JoséL. López Aranguren, Antonio Tovar, Luis Díez del Corral, Antonio Maravall, Gerardo Diego, Leopoldo Panero, Luis Rosales, Luis Felipe Vivanco, Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, Félix Ros, Pedro Muñoz Seca and of course the literary court of Jose´ Antonio Primo de Rivera: Rafael Sánchez Mazas, Ernesto Giménez Caballero, Eugenio Montes, Agustín de Foxá, Jacinto Miquelarena, Pedro Mourlane Michelena, José María Alfaro, Luys Santa Marina, Samuel Ros and Dionisio Ridruejo.

18 AgustínSánchez Vidal in F. Rico, Historia y crítica de la literatura española vol. vii, p. 759.

19 On the intellectuals and the ‘cause of the people’ see Santos Juliá, Historias de las dos Españas, Madrid, 2004.

20 The Mangada column had Avance, the communists on the Somosierra front ¡No pasarán! and El miliciano rojo on the Aragón front; Octubre for the battalion of that name; Komsomol for the Communist Youth of La Mancha; socialists, anarchists and republicans all had their own. The International Brigades had a dozen of their own: Le Volontaire de la Liberté, Our Fight, Il Garibaldino and Freiheit Ka¨mpfer. Even the Scandinavian company with the Thaelmann Battalion produced its own paper, edited by a journalist called Lise, who had accompanied them to Spain (Conny Andersson in Sixten Rogeby, Spanska frontminnen, Arbetarkultur, 1938).

The nationalists, meanwhile had ABC in Seville; El Heraldo de Aragón in Saragossa; El Norte de Castilla in Valladolid; Ideal in Granada; the Gaceta regional in Salamanca; El Faro in Vigo, La Voz de Asturias in Oviedo; El Pensamiento Navarro in Pamplona and the Diario de Burgos. In the early part of the war the besieged nationalist garrison in Toledo had produced the roneoed El ´zar. The main Falangist publication was Arriba España!, but also Jerarquía; Fotos, which was close to Manuel Hedilla; Ve´rtice, published by the Delegacio ´n de Prensa y Propaganda; Fe in Seville; Patria in Granada; Odiel in Huelva; Sur in Malaga; Destino, the publication of the Catalans in Burgos and the satirical review Ametralladora. In November 1938 the nationalist administration created an official news service, EFE, financed by Juan March and other bankers. For the press on both sides see Rafael Abella, La vida cotidiana durante la guerra civil, Planeta, Barcelona, 1975.

21 Phrase used in El Socialista, October 1936.