The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

148. Franco Manaresi, ‘La protezione antiaerea’, in Cristina Bersani, Valeria Monaco (eds), Delenda Bononia: immagini dei bombardamenti 1943–1945 (Bologna: 1995), 29–30.

149. Carlotta Coccoli, ‘I “fortilizi inespugnabili della civiltà italiana”: La protezione antiaerea del patrimonio monumentale italiano durante la seconda guerra mondiale’, Scienza e Beni Culturali, 26 (2010), 410–12.

150. Marta Nezzo, ‘The Defence of Works of Art in Italy during the Second World War’, in Baldoli, Knapp, Overy (eds), Bombing, States and Peoples, 104–6.

151. ACS, MdAe, Busta 56, Telecommunications inspectorate report for Air Ministry, ‘Danni di guerra a stabilimenti ausiliari’, 9 Feb 1943; Director General of Construction, Air Ministry, 15 Jan 1943; TNA, AIR 20/5387, Italian Ministry of Public Works, ‘Damage Caused by Air Raids on Piemonte – October and November 1942’; report from Prefect in Genoa on air raids of 13–14 and 15–16 and 18 Nov 1942 (both translations from Italian originals).

152. ACS, MdAe, Busta 46, Ministry of War to all ministries, 15 Nov 1942; memorandum for the Comando Supremo, 19 Nov 1942, 1–2.

153. ACS, MdAe, Busta 46, Air Ministry memorandum for Mussolini, 10 Dec 1942, ‘Dislocamento dell’industrie aeronautiche’; Air Ministry, ‘Appunti per il Duce’, 15 Dec 1942; Office of Air Ministry Inspectorate, minutes of meeting with Ministry of Corporations, 14 Dec 1942.

154. ACS, MdAe, Busta 56, memorandum, ‘Ripresa produzione officine Alfa Romeo, Pomigliano’, 14 June 1943.

155. Cited in Leonardo Paggi, Il ‘popolo dei morti’: la repubblica italiana nata della guerra (1940–1946) (Bologna: 2009), 108–9.

156. Iris Origo, War in Val d’Orcia: An Italian War Diary 1943–1944 (London: 2003), 28–9, entry for 30 Jan 1943.

157. ACS, MdAe, Busta 55, Air Ministry minute, 18 July 1943; Busta 46, memorandum by Col. Galante, 30 Nov 1942.

158. ACS, Ministero dell’Interno, Busta 21, Police HQ Genoa to Ministry, 14 Nov 1942; Prefect of Turin to Ministry, 19 Dec 1942; sticker samples, ‘Merda!’.

159. Elena Cortesi, ‘Evacuation in Italy during the Second World War: Evolution and Management’, in Baldoli, Knapp, Overy, Bombing, States and Peoples, 60–62.

160. Paggi, Il ‘popolo dei morti’, 107, 110–11; Cortesi, ‘Evacuation in Italy’, 62–3.

161. Paggi, Il ‘popolo dei morti’, 110–12; Manuela Lanari, Stefano Musso, ‘Un dramma mal calcolato: sfollamento e istituzioni nella provincia di Torino’, in Bruno Maida (ed), Guerra e società nella provincia di Torino (Turin: 2007), 14, 24–6, 28–9.

162. TNA, AIR 19/215, Sinclair to Churchill, 4 Dec 1942.

163. FDRL, Map Room Files, Box 72, OSS Bulletin, 7 Apr 1943; OSS Report, 19 Apr 1943 (from Bern).

164. TNA, FO 898/175, ‘Report on Colonel Thornhill’s Mission on Political Warfare in General Eisenhower’s Command’, 16 Nov 1943, App 10 and App 14.

165. ACS, Ministero dell’Interno, Busta 21, Office of Carabinieri, Genoa, to Ministry of Interior, 16 Nov 1942.

166. TNA, FO 898/175, Allied Force HQ, Algiers, PWB memorandum, ‘Combat Propaganda – Leaflet Distribution’, 15 June 1943.

167. Cesare de Simone, Venti angeli sopra Roma: I bombardamenti aerei sulla Città Eterna (Milan: 1993), 266. On Fascist propaganda see Claudia Baldoli, Marco Fincardi, ‘Italian Society under Anglo-American Bombs: Propaganda, Experience and Legend, 1940–1945’, The Historical Journal, 52 (2009), 1,032–4, 1,037.

168. ACS, Ministero dell’Interno, Busta 21, Appunto per il Duce, 7 July 1943.

169. TNA, AIR 2/7397, Air Ministry to C-in-C Bomber Command, 28 Oct 1940; Air Ministry to C-in-C Bomber Command, 29 Oct 1940; Sinclair to Churchill, 24 Feb 1941; Churchill to Sinclair, 28 Feb 1941.

170. TNA, AIR 8/436, HQ RAF Middle East to Air Ministry, 4 Sept 1941; Sir Miles Lampson (ambassador in Cairo) to the Foreign Office, 17 Sept 1941; AIR 2/7397, Air Ministry to HQ RAF Middle East, 27 Mar 1941; Air Ministry to HQ RAF Middle East, 5 Sept 1941.

171. TNA, AIR 8/436, Portal to Cadogan (Permanent Secretary, Foreign Office), 26 Oct 1941.

172. TNA, AIR 19/215, Note for Sinclair, ‘Bombing of Targets in Rome’, Dec 1942; Sinclair to Churchill, 4 Dec 1942, 1–2.

173. TNA, AIR 19/215, marginalia on ‘Bombing Targets in Rome’, Dec 1942; Sinclair to Churchill, 4 Dec 1942; Sinclair to Portal, 11 Dec 1942; Foreign Office to British Embassy, Bern, 17 Dec 1942.

174. CCO, Portal papers, Folder 4/File 2, Eden to Churchill, 14 July 1943; TNA, AIR 19/215, Portal to Sinclair, 3 Dec 1942; Portal to Churchill, 13 July 1943.