The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

175. Warren Kimball (ed), Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, 4 vols (London: 1984), vol 2, 234–5, Churchill to Roosevelt, 10 June 1943; 250–51, Roosevelt to Churchill, 14 June 1943.

176. TNA, AIR 19/215, RAF Delegation, Washington to Air Ministry, 26 June 1943.

177. Ibid., Archbishop Temple to Sinclair, 9 July 1943; Note by the assistant chief of the air staff (ACAS) (Information), ‘Air Attacks on Objectives in Rome’, 4 July 1943; Minute by ACAS, 15 July 1943; Sinclair to Temple, 17 July 1943.

178. LC, Eaker papers, Box I.36, North-West African Strategic Air Forces (NWASAF), Report and Evaluation, Rome, 19 July 1943: Rome Railroad Yards, Mission Report.

179. Claudia Baldoli, ‘Bombing the Eternal City’, History Today (May 2012), 11; Simone, Venti angeli sopra Roma, 262–4.

180. Marco Fincardi, ‘Gli italiani e l’attesa di un bombardamento della capitale (1940–1943)’, in Labanca (ed), I bombardamenti aerei sull’Italia, 239.

181. FDRL, Map Room Files, Box 33, CCS to Eisenhower, 25 June 1943; Eisenhower to War Dept., Washington, DC, 18 July 1943.

182. FDRL, Map Room Files, Box 72, OSS Bulletin, 30 July 1943; Fincardi, ‘Gli italiani e l’attesa di un bombardamento della capitale’, 233–4, 242–3.

183. Raymond Klibansky (ed), Mussolini’s Memoirs 1942–1943 (London: 2000), 51–55.

184. TNA, FO 898/175, Report of Col. Thornhill’s Mission, 16 Nov 1943, App 14.

185. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 94, Total tonnage dropped Aug 1942–May 1944.

186. TNA, AIR 20/5387, Ministry of Public Works, Statistics on Bomb Damage, 10 June 1940–31 Mar 1943. The list did not include buildings lost in Milan, Genoa and Palermo.

187. Paggi, Il ‘popolo dei morti’, 114–17.

188. Cited in Gloria Chianese, ‘Quando uscimmo dai rifugi’: Il Mezzogiorno tra guerra e dopoguerra (1943–46) (Rome: 2004), 35–6. On Naples see Gabriella Gribaudi, Guerra totale: Tra bombe alleate e violenza naziste: Napoli e il fronte meridionale 1940–44 (Turin: 2005), ch 3.

189. See Gabriella Gribaudi, ‘Tra discorsi pubblici e memorie private. Alcune riflessioni sui bombardamenti e sulla loro legittimazione’, in Labanca (ed), I bombardamenti aerei, 315–18; Marco Gioannini, ‘Bombardare l’Italia. Le strategie alleate e le vittime civili’ in idem, 92–3.

190. Claudia Baldoli, ‘Spring 1943: The Fiat Strikes and the Collapse of the Italian Home Front’, History Workshop Journal, 72 (2011), 183–6.

191. TNA, AIR 20/5383, Report from the Comune of Rome, May 1943; province of Genoa, ‘Situation during the Month of May 1943’; province of Turin, ‘Situation during the Month of May 1943’; province of Palermo, ‘Report for the Month May 1943’.

192. Origo, War in Val d’Orcia, 35, 39–40, entry for 1 Apr 1943.

193. Paggi, Il ‘popolo dei morti’, 119; the prayer in Origo, War in Val d’Orcia, 36. The best account of the role of religion in Italian efforts to cope with bombing is Claudia Baldoli, ‘Religion and Bombing in Italy’, in Baldoli, Knapp, Overy, Bombing, States and Peoples, 136–53.

194. TNA, AIR 19/215, VCAS (Air Marshal Evill) to Sinclair, 31 July 1943; CCO, Portal papers, Folder 3/File 3, Portal to Tedder, 30 July 1943.

195. TNA, FO 898/496, leaflet, ‘Fuori i tedeschi – oppure ferro e fuoco’, 29 July 1943; leaflet, ‘Il governo’, 14 Aug 1943.

196. FDRL, Map Room Files, Box 33, CCS to Eisenhower (n.d.); message for the President from Gen. Marshall, 2 Aug 1943; Churchill to Roosevelt, 3 Aug 1943; memorandum for the President from Admiral Leahy, 16 Aug 1943; CCS to Eisenhower, 15 Aug 1943; Simone, Venti angel sopra Roma, 301.

197. FDRL, Map Room Files, Box 72, OSS Bulletin, 3 Aug 1943; Report, 17 Aug 1943, ‘Italy: Badoglio’s Position vis-à-vis the Germans’. Details of raids in Chianese, ‘Quando uscimmo dai rifugi’, 31; Gioannini, Massobrio, Bombardate l’Italia, 360–61, 365–6.

198. The best guide to the complex web of command and the thicket of acronyms is Wesley F. Craven, James L. Cate, The Army Air Forces in World War II: Vol III, Europe: Argument to V-E Day (Chicago, IL: 1951), 326–35.

199. AFHRA, Disc MAAF 233, American Embassy (Economic Warfare Division) to NAAF, 16 Dec 1943, 2, 4–5.

200. Ibid., HQ NAAF (Norstad) to commanding general NAAF, 14 Nov 1943.

201. Ibid., Cabell to Eaker, Bombing Directive, 1 Mar 1945.

202. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 94, Total tonnage AAF-RAF, Jan–May 1944.

203. Richard G. Davis, Carl A. Spaatz and the Air War in Europe (Washington, DC: 1993), App 10 and App 18.