The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

6. TNA, AIR 20/5831, AI to Air Ministry (Plans), 20 Aug 1940 ‘France: Targets within 30 Miles of Coast Dunkirk – Bordeaux’; 13 Feb 1941, ‘France: Fringe Targets within 30 miles of the Coast of Occupied France’; 6 Feb 1941, ‘Belgium: Fringe Targets from North to South’ (included three rated three-star); ‘Norway: Industrial Fringe Targets from North to South’ (seven marked three-star).

7. Ibid., Air Marshal Leigh-Mallory to AI (AI9), 1 July 1941.

8. Ibid., ‘Information received from Lt. Commander Molenburg’, 7 Aug 1940.

9. TNA, FO 371/28541, British Embassy, Bern to French Department (FO), 31 July 1941.

10. TNA, FO 898/312, Mr. Harman (FO) to Air Commodore Groves (PWE), 14 Feb 1942; Mr. Harman to Brigadier Brookes (PWE), 18 Feb 1942; PWE, ‘Extrait du journal clandestin belge “Le Peuple” du mois d’avril 1942’.

11. Joris van Esch, ‘Restrained Policy and Careless Execution: Allied Strategic Bombing on the Netherlands in the Second World War’, School of Advanced Military Studies, Fort Leavenworth, KS (2011), 18–19.

12. TNA, AIR 40/1720, Report from Military Intelligence Division, G2, MAAF, 30 May 1944, on ‘Centre de documentation des services speciaux’, Annex 1, ‘Comparative Table of Bombing in France since 1940’ (based on Bulletin de Securité Militaire, Direction Technique des Services Speciaux, 21 May 1944).

13. TNA, FO 371/28541, French department, FO, to W. Mackenzie (Air Ministry), 15 May 1941; FO to Mackenzie, 31 May 1941; W. Law (MoL) to FO, 7 May 1941.

14. TNA, AIR 2/7503, Samuel Hoare (British ambassador to Spain) to the FO, 27 Sept 1941, encl. ‘Note verbale’ from Le Havre Municipal Council; FO 371/28541, Hoare to FO, 19 Aug 1941, encl. ‘Note verbale’ from the French Embassy in Madrid. See too Claudia Baldoli, Andrew Knapp, Forgotten Blitzes: France and Italy under Allied Air Attack, 1940–1945 (London: 2012), 35.

15. TNA, FO 371/28541, Air Vice Marshal Medhurst to Mack (FO), 17 Oct 1941; AIR 2/7503, Minute by DBOps for FO, 25 Oct 1941.

16. For a full account of German exploitation in 1940–41 see Hein Klemann, Sergei Kudryashov, Occupied Economies: An Economic History of Nazi-Occupied Europe, 1939–1945 (London: 2012), 75–88.

17. TNA, FO 371/28541, War Cabinet paper, ‘Air Policy – Attack on Factories in Occupied France’, 6 Nov 1941; AIR 19/217, War Cabinet conclusions, 20 Oct 1941. On RAF restrictions on bombing Paris, CCO, Portal papers, Folder 2/File 1, Portal to Churchill, 7 Sept 1941.

18. Michael Stenton, Radio London and Resistance in Occupied Europe: British Political Warfare 1939–1943 (Oxford: 2000), 13, 88; Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (London: 1985), 331–5, 343.

19. Stenton, Radio London and Resistance, 100.

20. CCO, Portal papers, Folder 9/File 3, AI, ‘Air Activity over Norway’, 24 Apr 1942.

21. TNA, FO 898/313, Ritchie Calder, ‘Notes for Morale Bombing’, 18 Aug 1941; Calder to Reginald Leeper, ‘RAF and Morale-Making in Occupied Countries’, 25 Aug 1941, 1–2; Calder memorandum, ‘Bombing (military, economic and morale objectives)’, Mar 1942, 1, 4–5.

22. TNA, FO 898/437, PWE memorandum, ‘Why Drop Nickels?’, Sept 1943, 1.

23. Ibid., 4.

24. TNA, FO 898/319, PWE Report, 14 Apr 1942.

25. TNA, FO 898/319, Directive for BBC European Service, ‘Plan for Propaganda (Occupied Countries) to Accompany RAF Attacks’, Mar 1942.

26. TNA, FO 898/234, T. G. Harman to Leeper (PWE), ‘Plan for Propaganda to Belgium’, 26 Feb 1941; Report on an interview with mademoiselle Depuich [Oct 1941], 2; ‘Plan of Propaganda to Holland’, 6.

27. TNA, AIR 19/217, paper from the Air Ministry (Plans) for the War Cabinet, 11 Nov 1941; Director of Plans (Air Ministry) to Churchill, 8 Jan 1942; Norman Bottomley to Acting C-in-C, Bomber Command, 5 Feb 1942; FO 371/28541, War Cabinet, 6 Nov 1941; FO 371/31999, Attlee to Churchill, 8 Jan 1942.

28. TNA, AIR 20/4768, Directorate of Bombing, ‘Incendiary Attacks in Occupied Countries’, 13 Nov 1941.

29. RAFM, Harris papers, H47, Bottomley to Harris, ‘Psychological Aspects of Bombing Policy’, 14 Apr 1942.

30. TNA, FO 898/313, PWE, ‘Progress Report No. 1’, Mar 1942.

31. TNA, AIR 19/217, Baker to Bottomley, 4 Mar 1942; casualty figures from Matt Perry, ‘Bombing Billancourt: Labour Agency and the Limitations of the Public Opinion Model of Wartime France’, Labour History Review, 77 (2012), 49, and Service Historique de l’Armeé de l’Air (SHAA), Vincennes, Paris, 3D/48/Dossier 2, Direction de Défense Passive, Bulletin de Renseignements, 30 Mar 1942.

32. SHAA, 3D/112/Dossier 3, propagande anglo-saxonne, ‘Aux populations de la France occupée’; TNA, FO 898/319, P. C. Groves (PWE) to the BBC, 6 Feb 1942.

33. Ibid., memorandum by I. Black (PWE), ‘The Bombardment of Paris Factories’, 5 Mar 1942.