The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

204. TNA, AIR 8/777, Harris to Portal, 13 Nov 1942.

205. Harvey, ‘The Italian War Effort’, 41.

206. TNA, AIR 20/283, Statistics on Bombing, Feb–Nov 1943.

207. Air Ministry, Rise and Fall of the German Air Force, 219, 258–60, 265–6.

208. Davis, Carl A. Spaatz, App 24.

209. Joseph Heller, Catch 22 (London: 1994), 55.

210. Ronald Schaffer, Wings of Judgment: American Bombing in World War II (New York: 1985), 47–8; Solly Zuckerman, From Apes to Warlords: The Autobiography of Solly Zuckerman, 1904–1946 (London: 1978), 211.

211. TNA, AIR 19/215, HQ MAAF (Eaker) to Air Ministry, 7 Apr 1944.

212. Schaffer, Wings of Judgment, 49–50.

213. TNA, AIR 19/215, Slessor to Air Ministry, 29 Feb 1944; Ismay to Churchill, 1 Mar 1944; conclusions of CoS meeting, 2 Mar 1944.

214. AFHRA, Disc MAAF 233, Norstad to Allied Tactical Air Forces, Bombing Directive: Florence Marshalling Yards, 2 Mar 1944.

215. TNA, AIR 19/215, Slessor to Sinclair, 7 May 1944.

216. FDRL, Map Room Files, Box 33, Marshall to Eisenhower, 27 Sept 1943; JCS to Eisenhower, 2 Nov 1943; TNA, AIR 8/438, FO to JSM, Washington, DC, 23 Sept 1943; CCS memorandum, ‘Rome Open City’, 24 Sept 1943; Osborne (Ambassador Holy See) to Foreign Office, 14 Oct 1943.

217. TNA, AIR 19/215, Osborne to Foreign Office (War Cabinet distribution), 6 Nov 1943; Resident Minister Algiers (Harold Macmillan) to Foreign Office, 8 Nov 1943.

218. FDRL, Map Room Files, Box 33, JCS memorandum for the President, 4 Dec 1943; memorandum for the President from Admiral Leahy, 5 Dec 1943; Roosevelt to Cordell Hull, 7 Dec 1943.

219. TNA, WO 204/12508, Maj. F. Jones, ‘Report on the Events Leading to the Bombing of the Abbey of Monte Cassino on 15 February 1944’, 14 Oct 1949, 7–13.

220. Ibid., 20–23.

221. James Parton, ‘Air Force Spoken Here’: General Ira Eaker and the Command of the Air (Bethesda, MD: 1986), 363–4.

222. Peter Caddick-Adams, Monte Cassino: Ten Armies in Hell (London: 2012), 145–6.

223. TNA, AIR 8/777, Wilson to the CoS, 9 Mar 1944.

224. John Slessor, The Central Blue: Recollections and Reflections (London: 1956), 576–7.

225. TNA, WO 204/12508, ‘Report on the Events’, 31–3; App 3, Doc 26A, HQ Fifth Army memorandum, ‘Monte Cassino Abbey’, 28 Feb 1944.

226. Slessor, Central Blue, 574, reproducing his memorandum for Portal, 16 Apr 1944.

227. Zuckerman, Apes to Warlords, 198, 210–11.

228. Slessor, Central Blue, 566–8.

229. AFHRA, Disc MAAF 233, MAAF Bombing Directive, 18 Feb 1944.

230. TNA, AIR 20/2050, Summary of MAAF Effort, Operation ‘Strangle’, 15 Mar–11 May 1944.

231. Ibid., Summary of MAAF Effort: Operation ‘Diadem’, 12 May–22 June; Parton, ‘Air Force Spoken Here’, 383–4.

232. AFHRA, Disc MAAF 230, memorandum by Lt. Col. W. Ballard, Analysis Section, MAAF, 28 Sept 1944, 2.

233. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/1/49, Interview with Kesselring, 23 Aug 1945, 3.

234. Paolo Ferrari, ‘Un arma versatile. I bombardamenti strategici anglo-americani e l’industria italiana’, in idem (ed), L’aeronautica italiana: una storia del Novecento (Milan: 2004), 401–2; Massignani, ‘L’industria bellica italiana’, 195; Natalini, I rapporti tra aeronautica italiana e tedesca, 165–6.

235. Lutz Klinkhammer, L’occupazione tedesca in Italia, 1943–1945 (Turin: 1996), 78–84; Natalini, I rapporti tra aeronautica italiana e tedesca, 166–7.

236. Andrea Villa, Guerra aerea sull’Italia (1943–1945) (Milan: 2010), 217–18.

237. Achille Rastelli, Bombe sulla città: Gli attacchi aerei alleati: le vittime civili a Milano (Milan: 2000), 145–7, 184. The figure of 197 dead recorded from the other 17 raids is clearly an incomplete figure, but an indication that most raids at this stage of the war in a city with wide experience of bombing were relatively small.

238. Villa, Guerra aerea, 219–20; Natalini, I rapporti tra aeronautica italiana e tedesca, 167.

239. AFHRA, Disc MAAF 230, MAAF, Target Committee, minutes of meeting, 23 Feb 1945, 4.

240. Villa, Guerra aerea, 226–7. For other estimates see Zamagni, ‘Italy: How to Lose the War’, 207–12.

241. Ferrari, ‘Un arma versatile’, 397–9. Housing loss in Zamagni, ‘Italy: How to Lose the War’, 212, who shows that because of additional housing built between 1938 and 1941, the stock of housing was almost the same in 1945 as in 1938.