The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

242. FDRL, Map Room Files, Box 72, OSS Bulletin, ‘The Situation in Italy’, Bern station, 27 Sept 1943.

243. TNA, AIR 8/777, D’Arcy Osborne to the Foreign Office, 22 Mar 1944.

244. TNA, AIR 19/215, Eden to Sinclair, 15 May 1944.

245. Ibid., Sinclair to Eden, 17 May 1944; CCO, Portal papers, Folder 5, Evill to Churchill, 6 May 1944.

246. Origo, War in Val d’Orcia, 71–2, entry for 1 Aug 1944.

247. Corrado Di Pompeo, Più della fame e più dei bombardamenti: Diario dell’occupazione di Roma (Bologna: 2009), 107, 112, entries for 25 Feb and 25 Mar 1944.

248. For a full account see Klinkhammer, L’occupazione tedesca, 318–66.

249. Baldoli, ‘Religion and Bombing in Italy’, 146–7.

250. Simone, Venti angeli sopra Roma, 301.

251. Anna Scattigno, ‘Il clero in Toscana durante il passaggio del fronte. Diari e cronache parrocchiali’, in Labanca (ed), I bombardamenti aerei, 253–8.

252. Franco Manaresi, ‘I bombardamenti aerei di Bologna’, in Bersani, Monaco (eds), Delenda Bononia, 47–8; Manaresi, ‘La protezione antiaerea’, in idem, 40.

253. Ibid., 34–5.

254. ACS, Ministero dell’Interno, Busta 106, memorandum for the Milan Prefect, 4 Mar 1943, ‘Ricoveri pubblici’.

255. Baldoli, Knapp, Forgotten Blitzes, 188–9.

256. TNA, AIR 20/5387, Province of Palermo, Report for the month, May 1943; Inspector of Air Raid Protection, Rome, ‘Report concerning Air Attack on Rome 13 August 1943’, 13–14.

257. Cortesi, ‘Evacuation in Italy’, 65–6.

258. Lanari, Musso, ‘Un dramma mal calcolato’, 28–9.

259. Calculated from Mauro Maggiorani, ‘Uscire dalla città: lo sfollamento’, in Brunella Dalla Casa, Alberto Preti (eds), Bologna in Guerra, 1940–1945 (Milan: 1995), 376.

260. Cortesi, ‘Evacuation in Italy’, 70–71.

261. Baldoli, Knapp, Forgotten Blitzes, 144–9.

262. The only full account is George Southern, Poisonous Inferno: World War II Tragedy at Bari Harbour (Shrewsbury: 2002).

263. NARA, RG107, Box 139, HQ Army Service Forces for Lovett, ‘United States Chemical Warfare Committee: Periodic Report of Readiness for Chemical Warfare as of January 1 1945’, 114–15.

264. AFHRA, Disc MAAF 230, Brig. Gen. Cabell (Operations) to Eaker, ‘Employment of Chemical Weapons by the Allied Air Forces’, 12 Aug 1944; Operational Memorandum, ‘Chemical Warfare – Policy for Offensive Action’, 11 Aug 1944.

265. Coccoli, ‘I “fortilizi inespugnabili della civiltà italiana”’, 414; Marta Nezzo, ‘La protezione delle città d’arte’, in Labanca (ed), I bombardamenti aerei, 202.

266. Nezzo, ‘La protezione della città d’arte’, 205–6; Nezzo, ‘The Defence of Works of Art’, 112–13.

267. Coccoli, ‘I “fortilizi inespugnabili della civiltà italiana”, 415; Nezzo, ‘La protezione della città d’arte’, 202–3.

268. Lynn Nicholas, The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe’s Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War (London: 1994), 260.

269. Baldoli, Knapp, Forgotten Blitzes, 228–9.

270. Ibid., 236–8.

271. TNA, AIR 8/777, Osborne to the Foreign Office, 22 Mar 1944; Baldoli, Knapp, Forgotten Blitzes, 238–9.

272. Chianese, ‘Quando uscimmo dai rifugi’, 41, for figure on Sicily.

273. ISTAT, Morti e disperse per cause belliche negli anni 1940–45 (Rome: 1957), Table 2.8. For a discussion of the problems of assessing wartime casualties see Baldoli, Knapp, Forgotten Blitzes, App, 260–62.

274. ACS, Ministero dell’Interno, Busta 22, Railway Commissariat, Palermo to Interior Ministry, 1 Apr 1943; TNA, FO 898/496, PWE, ‘Foglio volante’, 5 July 1943.

9. BOMBING FRIENDS, BOMBING ENEMIES: GERMANY’S NEW ORDER

1. Target: Germany. The U.S Army Air Forces’ Official Story of the VIII Bomber Command’s First Year over Europe (London: 1944).

2. USSBS, ‘Over-All Report (European Theatre)’, Washington, DC, 30 Sept 1945, 2. The figures are France 21.8%, Other 7.5%, Austria, Hungary, Balkans 6.7%.

3. TNA, FO 898/313, memorandum by Ritchie Calder, PWE, ‘Bombing (military, economic and morale objectives)’, 1–5.

4. TNA, AIR 19/217, War Cabinet, 24 July 1940, memorandum by the Air Minister, ‘Bombardment Policy in France’.

5. TNA, AIR 20/5831, AI to Air Ministry (Plans), 17 Aug 1940, encl. ‘Fringe Targets: Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium and France’.