The Origins of Autocracy

12. Avrekh, p. 83.

16. Avrekh, p. 82.

17. Ibid., p. 87.

23. Ibid., p. 92. This contradiction on Avrekh's part is so glaring that Sakharov, of course, immediately jumped on him, commenting ironically: "It turns out that when serfdom was weaker, 'Asiatic despotism' was stronger; but when serfdom became more severe, 'Asiatic forms of government' were relaxed to such a point that 'external' analo­gies to Western European absolutism appeared" (A. N. Sakharov, p. 113).

25. M. P. Pavlova-Sil'vanskaia, "K voprosu ob osobennostiakh absoliutizma v Rossii," p. 77.

26. Ibid., p. 85.

40. Ibid., p. 143.

43. S. M. Troitskii, p. 148.

4. Ibid., p. 332.

6. Tibor Szamuely, The Russian Tradition, p. 87.

7. Treadgold, ed., p. 332.

8. Ibid., p. 336.

10. Tibor Szamuely, p. 88.

11. Conversely, the resources of Russia were meager only while it remained a rela­tively small country. When it became gigantic, Russia simultaneously became one of the richest nations in resources.

4. The "Byzantine" Interpretation

Wittfogel takes very seriously the argument that it was the Tatars, and not the Byzantines, who were the forefathers of despotism in Russia. "Byzantium's influence on Kievan Russia was great, but it was pri­marily cultural," he writes.

14. A. Toynbee, "Russia's Byzantine Heritage," pp. 83, 87, 94, 95.

12. K. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism, pp. 224-25.

13. Treadgold, ed„ p. 355.

25. Ibid., p. 70. 26. Ibid., p. 23.. 27. Ibid., p. 95.

35. Ibid., p. 69. 36. Ibid., p. 112. 37. Ibid., p. 69. 38. Ibid., p. 104.

39. A. M. Sakharov, "Ob evoliutsii feodal'noi sobstvennosti na zemliu v Rossiiskom gosudarstve XVI veka," p. 28.

40. R. Pipes, p. 106.

41. Ibid., p. 65.

1. N. P. Pavlov-Sil'vanskii, Gosudarevy sluzhilye liudi, liudi kabal'nye i zakladnye, p. 223.

11. J. L. I. Fennel, Ivan the Great of Moscow, p. 36.

13. Ibid., p. 47.

14. R. G. Skrynnikov, Ivan Groznyi, p. 150.

15. R. G. Skrynnikov, Oprichnyi terror, p. 54; Ivan Groznyi, p. 150.

16. Skrynnikov, Oprichnyi terror, p. 59.

20. Jerome Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century, p. 97.

28. D. P. Makovskii, Razvitie tovarno-denezhnykk otnoshenii . . . , p. 96.