The Origins of Autocracy

26. Fedor Raskol'nikov, one of the leaders of the Bolshevik Party, was Soviet ambas­sador to Bulgaria during the 1930s. In 1937, he, like the then Soviet ambassador to Greece, A. Barmin, refused to return to Moscow to certain death, and instead wrote Stalin a sharply denunciatory letter from abroad. An analogous letter, incidentally, was written two days before his arrest by Nikolai Bukharin, who, unlike Kurbskii and Raskol'nikov, returned from abroad in 1936, to receive a martyr's crown from the hands of tyrant, as Ivan the Terrible had presaged.

30. Vipper, pp. 113-14.

33. Cited in Vipper, p. 123. Emphasis added.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid., p. 75. Emphasis added.

40. Polosin, p. 137.

45. Polosin, p. 182.

46. S. V. Bakhrushin, Ivan Groznyi, p. 5.

49. Vipper, p. 174.

50. Ibid., p. 105.

69. Skrynnikov, Ivan Groznyi, p. 114.

74. Ibid., pp. 144-45. Emphasis added.

[1] Ibid., pp. 206-7.

[2] Ibid., vol. 5, p. 340.

[3] S. M. Solov'ev, Istoriia Rossii s drevneishikh vremen, Bk. 5, p. 560.

[4] M. S. Anderson, "English Views of Russia in the Age of Peter the Great."

[5] Angliishie puteshestvenniki v Moskovskom gosudarstve v XVI vehe, p. 55.

[6] Ibid., p. 78.

[7] Cited in R. Iu. Vipper, Ivan Groznyi, p. 83.

[8] Biblioteka inostrannykh pisatelei о Rossii XV—XVI vekov, vol. 1, pp. 111-12. Empha­sis added.