The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB

29. Though details of the payments to Cossutta and other “healthy forces in the PCI” were passed by Moscow to the Rome Prosecutor’s Office in 1992, they were not made public until 1998. “Pci, ecco le ricevute dei miliardi di Mosca,” Il Giorno (April 30, 1998); “Ecco la Tangentopoli rossa,” Il Tempo (April 30, 1998).

30. t-7, 12.

31. Pike, In the Service of Stalin, p. 49; Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, p. 535.

32. Mujal-León, Communism and Political Change in Spain, pp. 107-9. After their expulsion, Gómez, García and Líster went on to found unsuccessful pro-Soviet splinter groups. Cf. k-3,12.

33. k-3, 16.

34. Mujal-León, Communism and Political Change in Spain, ch. 6.

35. k-2, 65; k-3, 13, 15, 22; k-26, 410.

36. k-3, 18.

37. Mujal-León, Communism and Political Change in Spain, pp. 126-7.

38. k-3, 17.

39. Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, p. 9.

40. Mujal-León, Communism and Political Change in Spain, pp. 127-31.

41. k-3, 20.

42. k-5, 879.

43. k-26, 406.

44. In January, October and December 1980, Gallego was given payments of 10,000 dollars by the Madrid residency. k-26, 405.

45. k-26, 407.

46. The anti-Eurocommunist Catalan Communist Party, the PSUC (Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya), split away from the PCE.

47. Krasikov, From Dictatorship to Democracy, p. 188. His book, originally published in Russian as Ispanskii Reportazh, was translated into a number of languages.

48. k-3, 98.

49. Urban, Moscow and the Italian Communist Party, pp. 337-8.

50. Bell and Criddle, The French Communist Party in the Fifth Republic, pp. 19-20; Roy, Somme tout, pp. 156-7.

51. k-3, 65, 115; k-8, 182.

52. Bell and Criddle, The French Communist Party in the Fifth Republic, p. 240.

53. k-3, 140.

54. See below, chapter 27.

55. k-3, 140.

56. k-3, 140.

57. Adereth, The French Communist Party, pp. 208-13.

58. The text of the letters was later published in Cahiers du Communisme (October 1991).

59. k-8, 148.

60. Bell and Criddle, The French Communist Party in the Fifth Republic, pp. 153-4, 164-5.

61. k-3, 123.

62. k-3, 140.

63. L’Express (July 27, 1970).

64. k-3, 140.

65. Robrieux, Histoire intérieure du Parti communiste, vol. 2, pp. 657-65; vol. 3, pp. 344-5, 406-14.

66. Bell and Criddle, The French Communist Party in the Fifth Republic, pp. 154-6, 217-30. Though the Socialists won an overall majority at the 1981 legislative elections and did not depend on PCF support, four Communist ministers served in a Socialist-dominated coalition until 1984.

67. Urban (ed.), Moscow and the Global Left in the Gorbachev Era, pp. 5, 52-3.

68. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p. 75.

69. Urban (ed.), Moscow and the Global Left in the Gorbachev Era, ch. 2. While Gorbachev was publicly aligning himself with the PCI’s reformist leadership, however, the International Department continued to subsidize the PCI old guard until 1987. In 1989 the PCI, led since 1988 by Achille Ochetto, changed its name to the PDS (Partito Democratico della Sinistra), the Democratic Party of the Left. A breakaway movement established itself in 1991 as the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista.

70. In 1987 the PCE, Gallego’s PCPE, the Progressive Federation (founded by another former PCE member, Ramón Tamames), Pasoc (a breakaway Socialist group) and a number of independents combined to form the Izquierdo Unida; the PCE accounted for about two-thirds of the total membership.

71. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p. 116; Grachev, Kremlevskaya Khronika, p. 247.

72. Marchais’s message was delivered by Gaston Plissonnier, who for the past twenty years had been the French conduit for the secret subsidies to the PCF. Dobrynin to Gorbachev (June 20, 1987); text in Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevsky Zagovor, appendix.

73. Politburo decision of July 3, 1987, in Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevsky Zagovor, appendix. Between 1981 and 1991 subsidies to the PCF totaled about 24 million dollars. Burke, “Recently Released Material on Soviet Intelligence Operations,” p. 246; Albats, The State within a State, p. 222.

74. Haynes and Klehr, “‘Moscow Gold,’ Confirmed at Last?”, p. 283.

75. Hellman, “The Difficult Birth of the Democratic Party of the Left,” p. 81.

Chapter Nineteen Ideological Subversion Part 1