The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB

28. The sentence was thirteen years. Shcharansky, Fear No Evil, pp. 205-6, 224-5.

29. k-21, 157, 159.

30. k-21, 164.

31. k-21, 156. Makarov was informed that the file recording the residency’s success in preventing the award of the prize to Orlov had been passed to Andropov.

32. k-1, 98.

33. vol. 6, ch. 1, part 1.

34. Sakharov, Memoirs, pp. 510-16.

35. k-21, 80.

36. Gorbachev, Memoirs, p. 296.

37. Bethell, Spies and Other Secrets, pp. 315-16.

38. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p. 37. In public, in order not to alienate a majority on the Politburo, Gorbachev stuck to the official line. He declared in an interview with L’Humanité in February 1986: “Now about political prisoners, we don’t have any… It is common knowledge that [Sakharov] committed actions punishable by law… Measures were taken with regard to him according to our legislation. The actual state of affairs is as follows. Sakharov resides in Gorky in normal conditions, is doing scientific work, and remains a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He is in normal health as far as I know. His wife has recently left the country for medical treatment abroad. As for Sakharov himself, he is still a bearer of secrets of special importance to the state and for this reason cannot go abroad.” Sakharov, Memoirs, p. 607.

39. Grachev, Kremlevskaya Karonika, pp. 94-104; Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p. 165.

40. Sakharov, Memoirs, p. 615.

41. Cited in Dobbs, Down with Big Brother, pp. 252-3.

42. Gorbachev, Memoirs, p. 295.

43. Dobbs, Down with Big Brother, pp. 253-64; Remnick, Lenin’s Tomb, ch. 19.

44. Remnick, Lenin’s Tomb, p. 282.

45. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, pp. 7-10.

46. k-21, 76.

47. k-21, 153.

Chapter Twenty-one SIGINT in the Cold War

1. Andrew, “Intelligence and International Relations in the Early Cold War.”

2. Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only, seeks to assess the varying interest taken by US presidents in SIGINT.

3. Mitrokhin had no direct access to the files of either the Eighth Directorate or the Sixteenth (SIGINT) Directorate, founded in the late 1960s. He did, however, see some documents from both directorates in FCD files.

4. KGB to Khrushchev, “Report for 1960” (February 14, 1961), in the “special dossiers” of the CPSU Central Committee; cited by Zubok, “Spy vs. Spy,” p. 23.

5. Garthoff, “The KGB Reports to Gorbachev,” p. 228.

6. Kahn, “Soviet Comint in the Cold War.”

7. Samouce, “I Do Understand the Russians,” pp. 52-3, Samouce papers, US Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pa.; Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 237-40.

8. Kennan, Memoirs 1950-1963, pp. 154-7. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 454-6. Kennan was declared persona non grata in October 1952, though chiefly for reasons unconnected with the bugging incident.

9. Bohlen, Witness to History 1919-1969, pp. 345-6. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 456-7.

10. Dobrynin, In Confidence, p. 357.

11. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 456. Remarkably, Nosenko’s information was not sufficient to convince his CIA debriefers that he was a genuine defector.

12. vol. 6, ch. 9. For illustrations of some of the espionage equipment supplied by the FCD OT Directorate, see Melton, The Ultimate Spy Book.

13. k-18,342.

14. k-1,160. On KGB penetration of the Orthodox church, see below, chapter 28.

15. vol. 7, ch. 5, para. 44.

16. k-24,299; vol. 7, ch. 5.

17. Philby’s career as an SIS officer had ended after his recall from Washington in 1951. Philby’s later account to Borovik of his years in Beirut contains a number of inaccuracies, due partly to his attempt to discredit Lunn (transcribed by Borovik as “Lan”—an error derived, as in the KGB files noted by Mitrokhin, from the conversion of “Lunn” into Cyrillic). Philby attributes his successful escape in 1963 largely to Lunn’s incompetence and adds that “amazingly, three or four years later [Lunn] received a high honour—the Cross of St. Michael and St. George” (Borovik, The Philby Files, p. 354). In reality, as Philby had correctly informed the KGB after his defection, Lunn was awarded the CMG a decade earlier, in 1957 (vol. 7, ch. 5).

18. Lunn was the author of High-Speed Skiing (1935), A Skiing Primer (1948) and The Guinness Book of Skiing (1983). His father, Sir Arnold Lunn (1888-1974), was one of Europe’s leading ski pioneers, as well as a leading Catholic apologist and a vocal opponent of both Nazism and Communism. His 63 books included 23 on skiing and 16 on Christian apologetics (Dictionary of National Biography, 1971-1980, pp. 522-3).