The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB

80. vol. 7, app. 1, item 77. There is another tantalizing one-sentence reference to a SIGINT official (apparently British) codenamed ZHUR (JOUR), contacted in 1963 for the first time since 1938. Mitrokhin gives no indication whether or not the contact had any result. It is also possible that the reference was garbled, since the longest-serving agent providing intelligence on cipher systems, an employee of the French foreign ministry, was codenamed JOUR. vol. 7, app. 1, item 122.

81. vol. 5, ch. 14.

82. The Times (November 29, 1969, March 31, 1994).

83. vol. 5, ch. 14, para. 1; vol. 7, ch. 7, para. 74.

84. vol. 5, ch. 14, n. 4; vol. 7, ch. 7, para. 74.

85. vol. 5, ch. 14, para. 2 and n. 4.

86. vol. 7, ch. 7, paras. 73, 74; k-2, 171; vol. 5, ch. 14, paras. 2, 3, 7.

87. vol. 5, ch. 14, paras. 5, 6; vol. 7, ch. 7, para. 75. Since there is no indication that VERA behaved improperly, it would be unfair to reveal her identity or precise job in the Moscow embassy, both of which are recorded in Symonds’s file.

88. vol. 5, ch. 14, paras. 7-9.

89. vol. 5, ch. 14, n. 6.

90. It was also considered too risky for Symonds to use his forged British passport to apply for an Australian visa; entry to New Zealand did not require a visa. From New Zealand he would need only Everett’s birth certificate to gain entry to Australia. Symonds, however, was unable to book a direct flight from Tokyo to New Zealand and was forced to use his bogus British passport as a transit passenger in Sydney. When flying from New Zealand to Australia later in the year, he used the same passport with an Australian visa obtained in Wellington, fearing that if he used Everett’s birth certificate an immigration service computer might detect that he had previously possessed a British passport containing the same name and date of birth. vol. 5, ch. 14, paras. 10-11.

91. vol. 5, ch. 14, paras. 12-44.

92. vol. 5, ch. 14, paras. 45-6.

93. vol. 7, ch. 7, para. 76.

94. vol. 5, ch. 14, paras. 51-2.

95. “The Fugitive Detective and His Secret Trips to Britain,” The Times (April 15, 1981).

96. vol. 5, ch. 14, paras. 53-4.

97. “Bribes Trial Man Says He was Told to Flee,” The Times (April 7, 1981). “Detective in ‘Morass of Corruption’ is Jailed,” The Times (April 15, 1981). “Confessions of a Bent Copper,” The Times (March 31, 1994).

98. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 526. Lukasevics was unable to claim credit for Prime and Symonds, two of the KGB’s most notable British agents of the 1970s; both had been recruited abroad.

99. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 585-7; Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, pp. 249-52.

100. vol. 7, app. 2, item 69.

101. vol. 7, app. 2, 71. The file noted by Mitrokhin refers to Guk by his codename, YERMAKOV.

102. Zamuruyev was succeeded as head of Line N by Aleksandr Igorevich Timonov. vol. 7, ch. 7, para. 10; app. 2, para. 50.

103. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 599. Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, pp. 269-70.

104. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 582-605. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, ch. 4.

105. vol. 7, ch. 16, item 19.

106. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 586.

107. vol. 7, app. 2, item 73.

108. vol. 7, app. 2, item 72.

109. Earley, Confessions of a Spy, pp. 139-45, 176-9.

110. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 28-35, 609; Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, chs. 1, 14, 15.

111. vol. 7, ch. 14, item 12.

112. Report of the Security Commission (Cm 2930) (July 1995), p. 10.

113. Report of the Security Commission (Cm 2930) (July 1995), pp. 13-14, 32-3. “Phone Call Hoax that Trapped a Spy,” Independent (November 19, 1993); “Vital Clues to a Traitor,” Daily Mail (November 19, 1993).

114. Some indication of the intelligence provided by Kuzichkin and Butkov is provided in their memoirs. On Makarov, see Kahn, “Soviet Comint in the Cold War.” Butkov’s memoirs have so far appeared only in Norwegian.

115. Pasechnik, one of the scientific directors of Biopreparat, the world’s largest and most advanced biological warfare research institute, made contact with SIS during a visit to France in 1989 and was exfiltrated to Britain. Interview with Pasechnik by Christopher Andrew in the 1995 Radio 4 series New Spies for Old? (presented by Christopher Andrew; produced by Dennis Sewell).

Chapter Twenty-six The Federal Republic of Germany

1. See above, chapter 12.

2. In 1977 the KGB apparat at Karlshorst was training seven East German illegals and investigating another fifty-two potential recruits, most of whom would probably not make the grade; k-5, 774.

3. On its foundation in 1952, the Stasi’s foreign intelligence arm was known as Hauptverwaltung XV (Main Department XV); it was renamed the HVA in 1956.

4. Childs and Popplewell, The Stasi, pp. 122-3.

5. Wolf, Man without a Face, p. xii.