Tolstoy

123. See David MacKenzie, The Serbs and Russian Pan-Slavism, 1875–1878, Ithaca, 1967.

124. Obolensky, ‘Dve vstrechi’, 29–37.

125. Russkii vestnik, 5 (1877), 472.

126. JE 53, 331.

127. Letopis’ 1, 475.

128. Joseph Frank, Dostoevsky: The Mantle of the Prophet, 1871–1881, Princeton, 2002, 332.

10 Pilgrim, Nihilist, Muzhik

1. JE 62, 347

2. JE 83, 445 (letter of 28 October 1884).

3. N. N. Gusev, Letopis’ zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890, Moscow, 1958 [Letopis’ 1], 661.

4. JE 62, 311.

5. S. A. Tolstaya, Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh, ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 503.

6. Letopis’ 1, 472.

7. JE 62, 419.

8. S. A. Tolstaya, ‘Iz zapisok Grafini Sofii Andreevny Tolstoi pod zaglaviem “Moya Zhizn’”’, Tolstovskii ezhegodnik, St Petersburg, 1913, 3.

9. Chris Chulos, ‘Russian Piety and Culture from Peter the Great to 1917’, Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 5: Eastern Christianity, ed. Michael Angold, Cambridge, 2006, 338.

10. See Robert L. Nichols, ‘The Orthodox Elders (Staretsy) of Imperial Russia’, Modern Greek Studies Yearbook, 1 (1985), 1–30.

11. See Sergii Chetverikov, Optina Pustyn’, Paris, 1926; Leonard J. Stanton, The Optina Pustyn Monastery in the Russian Literary Imagination: Iconic Vision in Works by Dostoevsky, Gogol, Tolstoy, and others, New York, 1995.

12. P. Matveev, ‘L. N. Tolstoi i N. N. Strakhov v Optinoi Pustyni’, Istoricheskii vestnik, 2 (1907), 151–157.

13. www.optina.ru/starets/amvrosiy_life_full/

14. JE 62, 335; N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii s 1870 po 1881 god [Gusev 3], Moscow, 1963, 442.

15. Matveev, ‘L. N. Tolstoi i N. N. Strakhov v Optinoi Pustyni’, 153–154.

16. Gusev 3, 441.

17. Gusev 3, 442.

18. JE 62, 334.

19. Gusev 3, 436.

20. JE 62, 353.

21. Matveev, ‘L. N. Tolstoi i N. N. Strakhov v Optinoi Pustyni’, 155.

22. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 505.

23. S. L. Tolstoi, Ocherki bylogo, Moscow, 1949, 59.

24. Letopis’ 1, 481.

25. V. I. Alekseev, ‘Vospominaniya’, L. N. Tolstoi: K 120-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya (1828– 1948), 2 vols, ed. N. N. Gusev, Moscow, 1948, vol. 2, 232–330.

26. JE 62, 422, 509.

27. S. L. Tolstoi, Ocherki bylogo, 57.

28. Mark Aldanov, ‘A Russian Commune in Kansas’, Russian Review, 1 (1944), 30–44.

29. N. Nikitina, Povsednevnaya zhizn L’va Tolstogo v Yasnoi polyane, Moscow, 2007, 286.

30. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 191, 239, 384.

31. M. Zabylin, Russkii narod: obychai, predaniya, obryady i sueveriya, Moscow, 2003, 74; O. G. Baranova et al., Russkii prazdnik. Prazdniki i obryady narodnogo zemledel’cheskogo kalendarya: illyustrirovannaya entsiklopediya, St Petersburg, 2002, 570–578; Andrei Sinyavsky, Ivan the Fool: Russian Folk Belief, A Cultural History, tr. Joanne Turnbull and Nikolai Formozov, Moscow, 2007, 245–247.

32. Alekseev, ‘Vospominaniya’, 250.

33. T. L. Sukhotina-Tolstaya, Vospominaniya, Moscow, 1976, 437.

34. Edward Spencer Beesly, The Life and Death of William Frey, London, 1888, 3.

35. Gusev 3, 504.

36. S. A. Tolstaya, Pis’ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 1862–1910, Moscow, 1936, 146.

37. Alekseev, ‘Vospominaniya’, 250–263. See also, 85, 80.

38. Tolstaya, Pis’ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 150.

39. Gusev 3, 476.

40. Gusev 3, 476–467.

41. Letopis’ 1, 491.

42. Gusev 3, 476.

43. JE 83, 249.

44. S. M. Tolstoi, ‘Edinstvennaya sestra’, Prometei, 12 (1980), 273.

45. Letopis’ 1, 493, 497.

46. Letopis’ 1, 492, 495.

47. It was estimated that there were between 20 and 35 million Old Believers and sectarians in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, and that as much as a third of the population was sectarian by 1917: see A. Etkind, Khlyst: sekty, literatura i revolyutsiya, Moscow, 1998, 34.

48. Robin Milner-Gulland, The Russians, Oxford, 1997, 123.

49. N. Berdyaev, ‘Dukhovnoe khristianstvo i sektantstvo v Rossii’, Russkaya mysl’, 11 (1916).

50. Khlysty also means ‘flagellants’, but they did not as a rule practise flagellation.