Baker, Margaret. Discovering Christmas Customs and Folklore: A Guide to Seasonal Rites. London: Shire Publications, 2007. 108.
Raedisch, Linda. The Old Magic of Christmas: Yuletide Traditions for the Darkest Days of the Year. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Worldwide, 2013.
Christmas in Today’s Germany. Chicago: World Book, 1993. 34.
Ridenour, Al. The Krampus and the Old, Dark Christmas: Roots and Rebirth of the Folkloric Devil. Port Townsend, WA: Feral House, 2016.
Raedisch, Linda. The Old Magic of Christmas: Yuletide Traditions for the Darkest Days of the Year. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Worldwide, 2013.
Jarrett, Max Bankole. “Liberia’s Dancing Christmas Devils Could Give Krampus a Lesson in Niceness.” Goats and Soda, NPR. December 23, 2015.
Nyanseor, Siahyonkron. “The Origin of Liberian Santa Claus and Old Man Beggar.” Djogbachiachuwa: The Liberian Anthology. Edited by Syrulwa Somah. Self-published, Xlibris US, 2012. 97.
“Celebrating Christmas in Liberia.” Douglas Review. December 22, 2016.
Dechant, Dell. The Sacred Santa: Religious Dimensions of Consumer Culture. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2008. 187–88.
Mackey, Robert. “A New Holiday Tradition for the Dutch: Arguing About Blackface.” New York Times. November 14, 2014.
Bowler, Gerry. Christmas in the Crosshairs. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. 159–60.
Waterfield, Bruno. “Dutch Father Christmas’s Blacked-Up Helpers Banned for Being ‘Racist.’” Telegraph. December 23, 2011.
Kassam, Ashifa. “Madrid Ends Blacking Up of Characters in Post-Christmas Tradition.” Guardian. September 17, 2015.
Anderson, L. V. “Who Staged the First Nativity Scene?” Slate. December 12, 2013.
Manning, Kathleen. “Who Invented the Nativity Scene?” U.S. Catholic 77, no. 12 (December 2012): 46.
“Probošt’s Mechanical Christmas Crib.” Museum of Nativity Scenes in Třebechovice, betlem.cz
.“Krýzovy jesličky.” Muzeum Jindřichohradecka.
Adamek, Anna. “Cracovie ville belle et merveilleuse; Krakovian Szopka: From the Collection of the Historical Museum of the City of Krakow; Krakows Julkrubbor.” Material Culture Review/Revue de la culture matérielle 46, no 1, 1997.
“Nativity Scene (Szopka) Tradition in Krakow.” Intangible Cultural Heritage, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2018.
Alech, Alice. “Noël Provençal.” Commonweal 136, no. 22 (2009): 30.
Raedisch, Linda. The Old Magic of Christmas: Yuletide Traditions for the Darkest Days of the Year. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Worldwide, 2013.
O’Leary, Margaret Hayford. Culture and Customs of Norway. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC–CLIO, 2010.
“About the Gävle Goat.” Visit Gävle.
John, J. A Christmas Compendium. London: Continuum International Publishing, 2005. 67.
“Philippines.” Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays. Vol. 1. Edited by Robert H. Griffin and Ann H. Shurgin. Farmington Hills, MI: UXL, 2000. 103–9.
Lopez, Mellie Leandicho. A Handbook of Philippine Folklore. Quezon City, PH: University of the Philippines Press, 2006. 355.
“Giant Lantern Festival.” City of San Fernando.
Katz, Brigit. “New Zealand’s Iconic Pōhutukawa Tree May Have Roots in Australia.” Smithsonian online. June 23, 2017.
Low, Tim. “Australia’s Giant Parasitic Christmas Tree.” Australian Geographic. May 15, 2017.
Perry, Nicole. “Himmeli for the Holidays: How to Make These Chic and Structured Ornaments and Wreath.” CBC Life. December 22, 2017.
Basinger, Rachel. “How to Make a Himmeli Sculpture.” Guardian. June 6, 2014.
Vaughn, Mary Ann Woloch. Ukrainian Christmas: Traditions, Folk Customs, and Recipes. Munster, IN: Ukranian Heritage Company, 1983.
Tracz, Orysia Paszczak. “A Spider for Christmas?” Ukrainian Weekly 74, no. 53 (December 31, 2006).
Katchanovski, Ivan, Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, and Myroslav Yurkevich. Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2013. 180–81.
Knab, Sophie Hodorowicz. Polish Customs, Traditions and Folklore. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1993. 33.
Polanie Club, Inc. Treasured Polish Christmas Customs and Traditions. Minneapolis: Polanie Publishing, 1972. 122–23.
Kmiec, Stas. “Polish Christmas Ornaments.” Polish American Journal. December 2006.
“Celebrating Christmas in Georgia – The Holiday Which Unites the Entire Country.” Georgian Journal. January 5, 2018.
“Georgians Rediscover Christmas Tree Traditions.” BBC. December 21, 2011.
Bardzimashvili, Temo. “Georgia Kicks Off New Year with Post-Modern Christmas Tree.” Eurasianet. December 22, 2009. Archived.