Эффект негативности. Как способность замечать плохое трансформирует нашу реальность

226 15 процентов взрослых: European Commission, «Attitudes of Europeans Towards Tobacco and Electronic Cigarettes,» Special Eurobarometer 458, March 2017, table QB1, https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/79002.

226 что 350,000 жизней: A. Milton, C. Bellander, G. Johnsson, and K. O. Fagerström, «Snus Saves Lives: A Study of Snus and Tobacco-Related Mortality in the EU,» Snus Commission’s Third Report, May 2017, https://www.clivebates.com/documents/SnusCommissionJune2017.pdf.

226 Коалиция баптистов-бутлегеров: J. H. Adler, R. E. Meiners, A. P. Morriss, and B. Yandle, «Baptists, Bootleggers & Electronic Cigarettes,» Yale Journal on Regulation 33 (2016): 313–61, http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjreg/vol33/iss2/1.

227 исследования снюса: P. N. Lee and J. Hamling, «Systematic Review of the Relation Between Smokeless Tobacco and Cancer in Europe and North America,» BMC Medicine 7 (2009): 36, https://doi.org/10.1186/1741–7015-7–36.

227 сделали снюс незаконным: G. Ross, «The EU’s New Tobacco Directive: Protecting Cigarette Markets, Killing Smokers,» Forbes, January 10, 2013, https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/01/10/the-eus-new-tobacco-directive-protecting-cigarette-markets-killing-smokers/.

227 помешали торговцам снюсом: H. Campbell, «FDA Denies Modified Risk Tobacco Product Status for Snus,» American Council on Science and Health, December 14, 2016, https://www.acsh.org/news/2016/12/14/fda-denies-modified-risk-tobacco-product-status-snus-10592.

227 тщательное исследование в 2019: P. Hajek et al., «A Randomized Trial of E-Cigarettes Versus Nicotine-Replacement Therapy,» New England Journal of Medicine 380 (2019): 629–37, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1808779.

227 ниже 15 процентов: T. W. Wang et al., «Tobacco Product Use Among Adults – United States, 2017,» Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67 (2018): 1225–32, http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6744a2, and National Center for Health Statistics, «Summary Health Statistics: National Health Interview Survey, 2017,» table A-12a, https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/NHIS/SHS/2017_SHS_Table_A-12.pdf. For the historical trend, see A. LaVito, «CDC Says Smoking Rates Fall to Record Low in US,» CNBC, November 8, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/08/cdc-says-smoking-rates-fall-to-record-low-in-us.html.

227 вейп «the Juul»: J. Tierney, «Juul Madness,» City Journal, July 15, 2018, https://www.city-journal.org/html/juul-labs-vaping-prohibitionists-16029.html.

227 вне закона или запретить их: J. Tierney, «The Corruption of Public Health,» City Journal, Summer 2017, https://www.city-journal.org/html/corruption-public-health-15323.html, and J. Sullum, «Surgeon General Undermines Harm Reduction by Pushing Anti-vaping Policies and Propaganda,» Reason, December 18, 2018, https://reason.com/blog/2018/12/18/surgeon-general-undermines-harm-reductio.

228 на 95 процентов безопаснее: Royal College of Physicians, Nicotine Without Smoke: Tobacco Harm Reduction (London: RCP, 2016), 58, 185. К такому же выводу пришло национальное агентство здравоохранения Англии в A. McNeill et al., «E-Cigarettes: An Evidence Update,» отчете заказанным Public Health England, 2015, 80. Смотрите также D. J. Nutt et al., «Estimating the Harms of Nicotine-Containing Products Using the MCDA Approach,» European Addiction Research 20 (2014): 218–25, https://doi.org/10.1159/000360220, and M. Siegel, «National Academy of Sciences Report on Electronic Cigarettes Confirms That Vaping Is Much Safer Than Smoking and Has No Known Long-Term Health Effects,» The Rest of the Story: Tobacco and Alcohol News Analysis and Commentary, January 24, 2018, http://tobaccoanalysis.blogspot.com/2018/01/national-academy-of-sciences-report-on_24.html.

228 до исторического минимума: D. T. Levy et al., «Examining the Relationship of Vaping to Smoking Initiation Among US Youth and Young Adults: A Reality Check,» Tobacco Control, November 20, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018–054446, and B. Rodu, «Federal Officials, Please Pay Attention to Federal Surveys: E-Cigarettes Are Not Gateway Products,» Tobacco Truth, February 21, 2018, https://rodutobaccotruth.blogspot.com/2018/02/federal-officials-please-pay-attention.html.

228 большинство подростков: B. Rodu, «The FDA’s Teen E-Cigarette-Addiction Epidemic Doesn’t Add Up,» Tobacco Truth, October 1, 2018, https://rodutobaccotruth.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-fdas-teen-e-cigarette-addiction.html, analyzing data from the CDC’s National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/surveys/nyts/index.htm.