Эффект негативности. Как способность замечать плохое трансформирует нашу реальность

220 имея «официальное разрешение»: P. R. Ehrlich, A. H. Ehrlich, and J. P. Holdren, Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1977), 786–77.

220 худшие из нарушений прав человека в двадцатом веке: M. Connelly, Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008), and C. Mann, The Wizard and the Prophet: Two Remarkable Scientists and Their Dueling Visions to Shape Tomorrow’s World (New York: Knopf, 2018), 522–23.

221 убьет миллиард людей: P. Ehrlich, The Machinery of Nature (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), 274.

221 в 2009 году во время слушания для подтверждения: U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Nominations Hearing, February 12, 2009, https://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/hearings?ID=9BA25FEA-5F68–4211-A181–79FF35A3C6C6.

221 меньше сорока тысяч: J. Hasell and M. Roser, «Famines,» Our World in Data, 2019, https://ourworldindata.org/famines.

221 из-за гражданских войн: S. Sengupta, «Why 20 Million People Are on Brink of Famine in a ‘World of Plenty,’ «New York Times, February 22, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/world/africa/why-20-million-people-are-on-brink-of-famine-in-a-world-of-plenty.html.

221 почти тридцать тысяч предсказаний: P. E. Tetlock, preface to Expert Political Judgment (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017), Kindle.

222 самая знаменитая книга: M. Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982). Material is drawn from this book and from interviews with Olson in the 1980s.

222 писатель Джонатан Рауч: J. Rauch, Demosclerosis: The Silent Killer of American Government (New York: Times Books, 1994).

223 известному афоризму: G. F. Seib, «In Crisis, Opportunity for Obama,» Wall Street Journal, November 21, 2008, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122721278056345271.

224 Кризис и Левиафан: R. Higgs, Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

224 подавил Greenpeace: D. Ropeik, «Golden Rice Opponents Should Be Held Accountable for Health Problems Linked to Vitamin A Deficiency,» Scientific American, March 15, 2014, https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/golden-rice-opponents-should-be-held-accountable-for-health-problems-linked-to-vitamain-a-deficiency/.

224 половина американцев: Pew Research Center, «Public Perspectives on Food Risks,» November 19, 2018, http://www.www.pewresearch.org/science/2018/11/19/public-perspectives-on-food-risks/.

224 заставила чиновников Замбии: H. E. Cauvin, «Between Famine and Politics, Zambians Starve,» New York Times, August 30, 2002, https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/30/world/between-famine-and-politics-zambians-starve.html.

224 140 Нобелевских Лауреатов: Laureates Letter Supporting Precision Agriculture (GMOs), http://supportprecisionagriculture.org/nobel-laureate-gmo-letter_rjr.html.

224 разница во мнениях: Pew Research Center, «Major Gaps Between the Public, Scientists on Key Issues,» July 1, 2015, http://www.pewinter net.org/interactives/public-scientists-opinion-gap/.

225 сейчас $3 миллиарда: J. A. DiMasi, H. G. Grabowski, and R. W. Hansen, «Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry: New Estimates of R& D Costs,» Journal of Health Economics 47 (2016): 20–33, and personal communication with DiMasi, who updated his calculations in 2018.

225 в $6 миллиардов: A. S. A. Roy, «Stifling New Cures: The True Cost of Lengthy Clinical Drug Trials,» Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, Project FDA Report 5 (April 2012).

226 Никотин сам по себе: Royal Society for Public Health, «Nicotine ‘No More Harmful to Health Than Caffeine,’ «August 13, 2015, https://www.rsph.org.uk/about-us/news/nicotine-no-more-harmful-to-health-than-caffeine-.html. Королевский Колледж врачей пришел к такому же выводу, просмотрев соответствующую литературу, что «сам по себе никотин не вредит здоровью».; см Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians, Harm Reduction in Nicotine Addiction: Helping People Who Can’t Quit (London: RCP, 2007), preface.

226 Оказалось, что никотин: S. J. Heishman, B. A. Kleykamp, and E. G. Singleton, «Meta-analysis of the Acute Effects of Nicotine and Smoking on Human Performance,» Psychopharmacology 210 (2010): 453–69.