Europe's inner demons

49 Bartolo, Omnia Opera, p. 187, consilium vii.

50 Ibid., p. 183, consilium i.

51 Ibid., p. 184, consilium iv.

52 Ibid., p. 189, consilium viii.

53 On Giovanni Battista Piotto see C. Morbio, Storia della Città e Diocesi di Novara, Milan, 184J, p. 229, and A. Rusconi et al., Monografie Novaresi, Novara, 1877, pp. 51-2.

54 Examples are in an earlier collection by Ziletti, Criminalia consilia atque responsa, vol. I, Venice, 1559, pp. 289–312, consilia cviii and cix. See also the following Note.

55 Ziletti, Consilia matrimonialia, pp. 292-6, consilium lxxxvii; Ioannes Baptista Plotus, Consilia sive responsa, Novara, 1578, pp. 78–81, consilium xv.

56 In Ziletti, Consilia... ad causas criminales (1572), p. 158.

57 Bernard of Como, Tractatus de strigiis, Milan, 1566 (as appendix to the author’s Lucerna Inquisitorum). The tract is reprinted, from a later edition, in Hansen’s Quellen, pp. 279-84. Hansen’s dating of around 1508 is altogether plausible, and other suggestions that have been made — for instance, the 1480s — do not fit with what is known of Bernard’s life.

58 Cf. C. Cantù, Storia della Città e Diocesi di Como, 3rd rev. edn., vol. I, Como, 1899, pp. 477-85.

59 For an outline of Rategno’s biography see Hansen, Quellen, pp. 279-80. For his reputation as a witch-hunter see the Latin verses by Benedetto Giovio, of Como, quoted by Cantù, op. cit., p. 485. They were written before 1529.

CHAPTER EIGHT: MALEFICIUM BEFORE 1300

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1 Cf. E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Witchcraft, oracles and magic among the Azande, Oxford, 1937, pp. 21, 387. It is now recognized that the distinction is not as absolute in all African societies as amongst the Azande.

2 Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum, lib. V, cap. xxxix, xl; lib. VI, cap. xxxv.

3 For the early Middle Ages see Elisabeth Blum, Das staatliche und kirchliche Recht des Frankenreichs in seiner Stellung zum Dämon- Zauber- und Hexenwesen, Paderborn, 1936; and cf. H. Brunner, Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, vol. I, pp. 678-81, Leipzig, 1887. Edith Kiessling, Zauberei in den germanischen Volks-rechten, Jena, 1941, is influenced by Nazi ideology and is also unreliable in its handling of facts.

4 Pactus Alamannorum, Fragmentum II, para. 33, in MGH Leges, sectio I, vol. V, part 1, p. 23; Edictus Rothari, 376, in Leges Langobardorum, ed. F. Beyerle, Witzenhausen, 1962, p. 91; Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae, para. 6, in MGH Leges, sectio II, vol. I, pp. 68-9.

5 Eyrbbygia (The story of the Ere-dwellers), trans. William Morris and Eírikr Magnusson, London, 1892, chapters 15–20 (esp. p. 48).

6 The Laxdale Saga, trans. Muriel Press, London, 1964, chapter 37, pp. 119-21.

7 Pactus legis Salicae, tit. xix, 1 (ed. K. A. Eckhardt, vol. II, 1, Göttingen, 1955, p. 180).

8 Lex Ribuaria, cap. lxxxiii (ed. K. A. Eckhardt, 2nd edn., Hanover, 1966, p. 77).

9 Text in F. Liebermann, Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen, vol. I, Halle a. S., 1903, pp. 152-5.

10 Leges Regis Henrici Primi, cap. 71, in B. Thorpe, Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, 1840, p. 251.

11 Uplandslag, cap. xix, in Schwedische Rechte, trans. C. von Schwerin, Weimar, 1935, p. 142 (Gertnanenrechte, vol. VII).

12 Paschasius Radbertus, Vita Walae, in MGSS vol. II, pp. 553 seq.

13 Nithard, Historiae, lib. I, cap. v in MGSS vol. II, p. 653; cf. Vita Hludowici, Ibid., p. 639, and Thegan, Vita Hludowici, Ibid., p. 601.

14 Hincmar, De divortio Lotharii et Theutbergae, in Pat. lat., vol. 125, cols. 716-18. Cf. H. Schrörs, Hinkmar, Erzbishof von Reims, Freiburg in Bresgau, 1884, pp. 175–205.

15 Text in H. J. Schmitz, Die Bussbücher und die Bussdisziplin der Kirche, vol. I, Mainz, 1883, pp. 409-52. On the sources and composition see P. Fournier, “Etudes critiques sur le Decret de Burchard de Worms”, in Nouvelle Revue historique de droit français et étranger, vol. 34 (1910). Chapter 5 of the Corrector is considered at pp. 217-21.

16 Schmitz, op. cit., p. 446 (para. 169).

17 Ibid., p. 425 (para. 68).