God's War: A New History of the Crusades

5. B. Hamilton, The Latin Church in the Crusader States (London 1980), pp. 61–2; J. Richard, The Crusades c. 1071–c.1291 (Cambridge 1999), pp. 100, 119; for the refashioning of the Holy Land in the twentieth century, see M. Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948 (London 2000).

6. In general for the 1100–1101 expeditions, Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 120–34; Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 75–7 and passim; Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 18–31; J. L. Cate, ‘The Crusade of 1101’, History of the Crusades, ed. K. Setton (2nd edn Madison 1969–89), i, 343–67; cf. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 141–2, 144–55, 156–65, 174–9. For numbers, France, Victory, pp. 122–42; J. Riley-Smith, ‘Casualties on the First Crusade’, Crusades, 1 (2002), 13–28; Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, iii, 182–3 (written before 1130) for his reference to the 1107–8 crusade as the third journey (tercia profectio) to Jerusalem, implying that the 1101–2 was regarded as the second.

7. Cartulaire de St Cyr de Nevers, ed. R. de Lespinasse (Nevers/Paris 1916), no. 96.

8. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, v, 324.

9. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 175–6, no. XX and pp. 144–6, 155–6 for the letters; Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei, p. 219 for their circulation.

10. Quoted by M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204 (London 1984), p. 150; for Anna Comnena’s gloss, Alexiad, pp. 355–7.

11. Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 563.

12. Ekkehard of Aura, Hierosolymita, v, 30.

13. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 150.

14. Fulcher of Chartres, History, pp. 284–8, 300–302; for general accounts of twelfth-century Outremer, J. Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (London 1972); Richard, The Crusades, pp. 77–215; J. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History (London 1990), pp. 40–87; H. E. Mayer, The Crusades (2nd edn Oxford 1988), pp. 58–136, 152–95. The main western chronicle accounts are, up to the late 1120s, Fulcher of Chartres, Albert of Aachen and, thereafter, William of Tyre.

15. M. Benvenisti, The Crusaders in the Holy Land (Jerusalem 1970), pp. 14, 132; J. Riley-Smith, ‘The Survival in Latin Palestine of Muslim Administration’, The Eastern Mediterranean Lands in the Period of the Crusades, ed. P. M. Holt (Warminster 1977), pp. 9–22 and esp. p. 16.

16. Fulcher of Chartres, History pp. 132, 150; William of Tyre, History, i, 408; for the accounts of the Englishman Saewulf (1101×3) and the Russian abbot Daniel (1106×8), J. Wilkinson, The Jerusalem Pilgrimage 1099–1185, Hackluyt Society, NS, 167 (1988), 100, 108, 145, 148–50, 154, 162.

17. H. E. Mayer and M. L. Favreau, ‘Das Diplom Balduins I für Genua und Genuas Goldene Inschrift in der Grabeskirche’, Quellen und Forschungen aus italianischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 55–6 (1976), 22 et seq.; other scholars still maintain the authenticity of both 1104 privilege and the inscription.

18. Caffaro of Genoa, De Liberatione Civitatum Orientis Liber, RHC Occ., v.

19. Richard, The Crusades, pp. 98–9.

20. Fulcher of Chartres, History, pp. 149–50.

21. Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 73–4 and, generally, pp. 69–76.

6: The Latin States

1. Fulcher of Chartres, History, pp. 271–2.

2. Apart from the general accounts by Riley-Smith, Mayer, Richard and Prawer (above chap. 5 note 14), see for the Muslim perspective Holt, Age of Crusades, pp. 23–59; C. Cahen, La Syrie du Nord (Paris 1940); and the chapters by H. S. Fink, R. L. Nicholson and H. A. R. Gibb in History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, vol. i. There is no surviving Edessan Latin chronicle, but cf. that of the Armenian Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades (New York and London 1993); William of Tyre et al. have much to say as well. On Edessa generally, J. B. Segal, Edessa, ‘The Blessed City’ (Oxford 1970).

3. On Antioch/Edessa relations, T. S. Asbridge, Creation of the Principality of Antioch, esp. pp. 50–91, 104–28.

4. William of Tyre, History, ii, 52.

5. H. Kennedy, Crusader Castles (Cambridge 1994), p. 18.

6. William of Tyre, History, ii, 201, cf. pp. 140–41.