God's War: A New History of the Crusades

15. William of Tyre, History, ii, 374–5; the levels of military obligations were derived from lists collected by John of Ibelin in the mid-thirteenth century.

16. On lordships, Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships.

17. Prawer, ‘Colonization’, p. 140 and refs.

18. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrimage, pp. 120–71, 215–18, 220–22; for Jerusalem clergy and burgesses, see the witness lists in charters in R. Röhricht, Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (Innsbruck 1893, 1904), passim.

19. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrimage, pp. 264–5, 267, 273, 319, 330, 335–6.

20. Delaville le Roulx, Cartulaire général de l’ordre des Hospitaliers, no. 399, i, 272–3; Bresc-Bautier, Cartulaire du Saint-Sépulchre, no. 117, pp. 237–9; Ellenblum, Settlement, pp.74–82; Prawer, ‘Colonization’, pp. 119–21, 127–8.

21. Prawer, ‘Colonization’, pp. 140–41 and note 162; Ellenblum, Settlement, pp. 65–8.

22. Barthélémy, ‘Libre Exercise’, pp. 535–6; Ellenblum, Settlement, p. 84 and note 16; C. J. Tyerman, ‘Who Went on Crusades to the Holy Land?’, Horns of Hattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar (Jerusalem 1992), pp. 13–26; and, generally, pp. 82–5; Röhricht, Regesta regni, passim.

23. For a summary of legal processes with references to debated aspects, Mayer, The Crusades, chap. 8, pp. 152 et seq.

24. The phrase is Prawer’s, ‘Colonization’, p. 105. For general discussions, Prawer, ‘Colonization’; Ellenblum, Settlement, esp. Part II.

25. Discussed by Prawer, ‘Colonization’, p. 110.

26. Cartulaire général de l’ordre des Hospitaliers, no. 309, i, 222–3.

27. This is the central insight of Ellenblum, Settlement, pp. 111–44 and Part IV; cf. D. Pringle, ‘Churches and Settlement in Crusader Palestine’, Experience of Crusading, ed. Edbury and Phillips, ii, 161–78.

28. C. E. Bosworth, ‘The “Protected Peoples” in Medieval Egypt and Syria’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 62 (1979–80), 11–36.

29. In general, the works of Prawer, Mayer and Riley-Smith; on Jews, J. Prawer, The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Oxford 1988); for Muslim headman, Broadhurst, Ibn Jubayr, p. 317.

30. Broadhurst, Ibn Jubayr, p. 316; in general, Kedar, ‘The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’.

31. Broadhursts, Ibn Jubayr, p. 322; William of Tyre, History, ii, 214; Fulcher of Chartres, History, p.146.

32. But see B. Z. Kedar, Crusade and Mission (Princeton 1984), pp. 75–6, note 95; in general pp. 74–83.

33. Broadhurst, Ibn Jubayr, pp. 321–2; Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 408–14.

34. Fulcher of Chartres, History, p. 232; Broadhurst, Ibn Jubayr, pp. 316–21, 323; Kedar, ‘The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’; Mayer, ‘Latins, Muslims and Greeks’, pp. 175–92, esp. pp. 177–80.

35. Usamah, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, pp. 164, 167–9; Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, ed. L. de Mas Latrie (Paris 1871), pp. 82–4; B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Samaritans in the Frankish Period’, Franks in the Levant, ed. idem, chap. XIX, pp. 86–7; J. Drory, ‘Hanbalis of the Nablus Region’, The Medieval Levant: Studies in Memory of Eliyahu Ashtor, ed. B. Z. Kedar and U. L. Udovitch (Haifa 1988), pp. 95–112; E. Sivan, ‘Refugiés Syro-palestiniens au temps des croisades’, Revue des Etudes Islamiques, 35 (1967), 138–40.

36. William of Tyre, History, ii, 20–21, 76–7; Usamah, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, pp. 93–6, 149–50, 159–60, 163–4, 169–70; Kedar, Crusade and Mission, pp. 74–83.

37. Assises des Bourgeois, c. 241, RHC Lois, i, 172; in general, Kedar, ‘Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’.

38. B. Z. Kedar, ‘Gerald of Nazareth’, Franks in the Levant, ed. idem, chap. IV, pp. 55 et seq.; Mayer, ‘Latins, Muslims and Greeks’, pp. 187–92; Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 232, 321–3; Röhricht, Regesta regni, no. 502; Ellenblum, Settlement, pp. 119–20, 125–8; Abbé Martin, ‘Les Premiers Princes croisades et les Syriens jacobites’, Journal asiatique, 12 (1888), 471–90; 13 (1889), 33–79; Dedeyan, ‘Les Colophons’, pp. 96–7 and note 38.