God's War: A New History of the Crusades

29. John of Würzburg in Jerusalem Pilgrimage, ed. Wilkinson, p. 265; in general for references to early twelfth-century crucesignati, Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 148, 158–88.

30. For the military orders, A. J. Forey, The Military Orders (London 1992); J. Riley-Smith, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus c.1050–1310 (London 1967); M. Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge 1994).

31. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 308–10; cf. Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 159–65.

32. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle sub anno 1128, trans. S. I. Tucker, English Historical Documents 1042–1189, ed. D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway (London 1953), ii, p. 195.

33. Quoted Barber, New Knighthood, pp. 49–50; for Bernard’s De Laude, S. Bernardi Opera, iii, ed. J. Leclercq and H. M. Rochais (Rome 1963), trans. C. Greenia, Works of St Bernard, vii (Kalamazoo 1977).

34. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae (Editiones Paulinae Rome 1962), Secunda Secundae, quaestio 188, articulus 3, p. 1,843, col. 2.

35. Barber, New Knighthood, pp. 26–7; E. Lourie, ‘The Confraternity of Belchite, the Ribat and the Temple’, Viator, 13 (1982), 159–76; for a translation of Saxo Grammaticus’s account of the Roskilde confraternity in Gesta Danorum, bk 14.6, K. V. Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’, The Second Crusade, ed. J. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester 2001), p. 176.

36. Otto of Freising, Gesta Frederici I Imperatoris, trans. C. C. Mierow (New York 1966), p. 102: Otto, Conrad’s half-brother, probably stayed there too.

37. J. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison 1969), pp. 157–8 and note 83.

38. In Eugenius III’s bull of Dec. 1145, Quantum praedecessores, P. Rassow, ‘Der Text der Kreuzzugsbulle Eugens III’, Neues Archiv, 45 (1924), 302–5; trans:. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 57–9.

39. Ivo of Chartres, Epistolae, PL, 162, cols. 170–74, 176–7, nos. 168–70, 173.

40. Libellus de Vita et Miraculis S. Godrici Heremitae de Finchale, ed. J. Stevenson, Surtees Society (1847), pp. 33–4, 52–7; William of Newburgh, Historia rerum Anglicarum, ed. R. Howlett, Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I, Rolls Series (London 1884), i, p. 149; Chartes de St Julien de Tours, ed. L. J. Denis (Le Mans 1912–13), i, 87–8, no. 67; Chronica de Gestis Consulum Andegavorum, Chroniques d’Anjou, ed. Machegay and Salmon, p. 152.

41. Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, ed. N. P. Tanner (London and Washington 1990), pp. 191–2 for Canon XX of 1123 Lateran Council, Eis Qui Hierosolymam; Ivo of Chartres, Epistolae, PL, 162, cols. 170–74, 176–7, nos. 168–70, 173.

42. Epistolae pontificum Romanorum ineditae, ed. Löwenfeld, no. 199, pp. 103–4; R. Hiestand, ‘The Papacy and the Second Crusade’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, p. 36; in general, Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades.

43. J. G. Rowe, ‘Paschal II, Bohemund of Antioch and the Byzantine Empire’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 49 (1966), 165–202; for a full account possibly based on eyewitness evidence, Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 68–73, 100–104.

44. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 70–71.

45. Anna Comnena, Alexiad, p. 422, 424–34.

46. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, iv, 264–5.

47. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 75–6.

48. For Urban’s post-Clermont letter to the Catalan counts equating Spain and Jerusalem, J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 40. See below p. 662.

49. Historia Compostellana, España sagrada, ed. H. Florez, xx (Madrid 1791), 428, trans. Riley-Smith, Short History, p. 92; R. Fletcher, ‘Reconquest and Crusade in Spain’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 38 (1987), 31–47. See below, Chapter 20.

50. S. Barton and R. Fletcher, World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest (Manchester 2000), p. 250.