God's War: A New History of the Crusades

7. In general and specifically, Asbridge, Creation of the Principality; Cahen, Syrie du Nord; Lilie, Byzantium and Crusader States; there survives an Antiochene chronicle by Walter the Chancellor, The Antiochene Wars, trans. T. S. Asbridge and S. B. Edgington (Aldershot 1999).

8. Although he was: Walter the Chancellor, Antiochene Wars, p. 163; Usamah, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, p. 149; Ibn al-Qalanisi, Damascus Chronicle, p. 149.

9. Lilie, Byzantium and Crusader States, pp. 103–4; Mayer, Crusades, p. 115; Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 364–5 and note 1.

10. P. Deschamps, Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte (Paris 1934–73), iii, 191–9; Asbridge, Creation of Principality, pp. 73, 175; Mayer, Crusades, p. 163.

11. Asbridge, Creation of Principality, pp. 176–7 and refs.

12. Cahen, Syrie de Nord, pp. 41–2, 343–4, 405, 540; B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’, Muslims under Latin Rule, ed. J. M. Powell (Princeton 1990), pp. 137, 156–7; for Alan of al-Atharib, Asbridge, Creation of Principality, p. 169.

13. Cahen, Syrie du Nord, p. 278.

14. Walter the Chancellor, Antiochene Wars, pp. 87–9.

15. Mayer, Crusades, p. 192; Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 346–7; William of Tyre, History, ii, 235–6.

16. Richard, The Crusades, pp. 113–14.

17. Anna Comnena, Alexiad, p. 434 and 424–34 for text of treaty; Lilie, Byzantium and Crusader States, pp. 72–82; Asbridge, Creation of the Principality, pp. 94–103.

18. Lilie, Byzantium and Crusader States, passim.

19. William of Tyre, History, ii, 77–8.

20. Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 182–3 and refs.; William of Tyre, History, ii, 199.

21. J. H. and L. L. Hill, Raymond IV Count of Toulouse (New York 1962); Kennedy, Crusader Castles, p. 63.

22. Ibn al-Qalanisi, Damascus Chronicle, p.89.

23. For their fortifications, Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 64–7; For the end of the Embriacos, below p. 732.

24. Damascus Chronicle, pp. 287–8; Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 287–8 for further refs.

25. William of Tyre, History, ii, 214; Holt, Age of Crusades, pp. 28, 39–40; B. Lewis, ‘The Isma’ilites and the Assassins’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, i, 99–132.

26. E.g. William of Tyre, History, ii, 192–3 (reactions after the debacle of the siege of Damascus 1148); ii, 418–20, 434–5 (for the tensions surrounding the visit of Count Philip of Flanders 1177, on which see B. Hamilton, The Leper King and his Heirs (Cambridge 2000), pp. 119–33).

27. Only one twelfth-century verse epic, the Chanson des Chétifs, originated in Outremer, at Antioch, probably at the court of Raymond of Poitiers (d. 1149), but other chanson cycles were known there as in the west; for a summary, Mayer, Crusades, pp. 192–3.

28. A. V. Murray, ‘The Accession of Baldwin I of Jerusalem’, From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusade and Crusade Societies 1095–1500 (Turnhout 1998), pp. 81–102.

29. On titles, J. France, ‘The Election and Title of Godfrey de Bouillon’, Canadian Journal of History, 18 (1983), 321–30; cf. J. Riley-Smith, ‘The Title of Godfrey de Bouillon’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 52 (1979), 83–6; A. V. Murray, ‘The Title of Godfrey de Bouillon as Ruler of Jerusalem’, Collegium Medievale, 3 (1990), 163–78; Richard, The Crusades, p. 78; H. E. Mayer, ‘Latins, Muslims and Greeks in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’, History, 63 (1978), 175.

30. William of Tyre, History, i, 416; Mayer, Mélanges, esp. pp. 11, 17, 30–72.

31. William of Tyre, History, i, 487–8; for the Latin text, William of Tyre, Chronicon, bk 11, c. 14, p. 518.

32. Fulcher of Chartres, History, p. 222.

33. Fulcher of Chartres, History, p. 222; William of Tyre, who used Fulcher, removes all mention of non-Latins in his account.

34. S. Tibble, Monarchy and Lordship in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099–1291 (Oxford 1989); cf. the review by H. E. Mayer in Göttingischen Gelehrten Anzeigen, 245 (1993), 59–70.