God's War: A New History of the Crusades

84. A possible reading of Joinville’s account: why was the king wading up to his chest? Why did the southerly wind matter so much on the march south in November 1249? Cf. similar doubts Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, vi, Additamenta, p. 154; Guillaume de Nangis, RHGF, xx, 370.

85. The sense of Maqrizi’s account of the defiance and refusal to contemplate a negotiated accommodation, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 301.

86. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 105–6.

87. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 160–61; cf. Richard, St Louis, pp. 119, 127.

88. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 107; vi, 163; cf., v, 116–7 for money sent to Louis from the west. For Arabic hints of the same policy, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 294, 299, 300–301.

89. Liber Secretorum fidelium Crucis, Gesta Dei Per Francos, ed. Bongars, vol. 2.

90. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 147; for other reactions v, 170–73, 254, 280–81. Cf. trans., R. Vaughan, Chronicles of Matthew Paris (London 1984), p. 239, and p. 256 for Italian disturbances.

91. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 241.

92. The Chronicon of St Laud of Rouen, RHGF, xxiii, 395. In general, M. Barber, ‘The Crusade of the Shepherds in 1251’, Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, ed. J. Sweet (Lawrence 1984), pp. 1–23; G. Dickson, ‘The Advent of the Pastores (1251)’, Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire, 66 (1988), 249–67.

93. For some primary sources, the chronicles of Primat, John of Colonna and St Laud, RHGF, xxiii, 8–9, 123–4, 395–6; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 246–54, p. 248 for emphasis on the Lamb as a symbol; Salimbene of Adam, Chronicle, ed. and trans. J. L. Baird (Binghampton 1986), p. 453.

94. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 253.

95. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 318.

96. See, apart from Jordan and Richard, J. Le Goff, St Louis (Paris 1996).

97. Chartes de Terre Sainte provenant de l’Abbaye de Notre Dame de Josaphat, ed. H.-F. Delaborde (Paris 1880), pp. 105–6, no. L.

98. Jackson, Mongols, esp. pp. 113–28 for a recent survey; cf. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 86–92; Irwin, Middle East, pp. 30–36.

99. Eracles, pp. 635–8; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 117–19.

100. For Baibars, Irwin, Middle East, pp. 37–61; Holt, Age of Crusades, pp. 90–98. The best account of his campaigns is by Ibn Furat, Ayyubids, Mamluks and Crusaders, ed. and trans. U. and M. C. Lyons and J. S. C. Riley-Smith (Cambridge 1971).

101. The best detailed modern narrative is Richard, St Louis, pp. 293–332; cf. Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 508–18; Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 214–18.

102. Jal, Pacta Naulorum, i, 516 et seq. The main French chronicle accounts are by the St Denis monks Primat, RHGF, xxiii, 39–61 and the associated account by Guillaume de Nangis in his biography of Louis IX, RHGF, xx, 438–62.

103. Diplomatic Documents (Chancery and Exchequer), i, ed. P. Chaplais (London 1964), no. 419.

104. Lloyd, English Society, chap. 4, ‘The Crusade of 1270–1272: A Case Study’ and Appendix 4 contain the best account of the organization of the expedition; cf. Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 509–13, 515; Richard, St Louis, pp. 306–15; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 124–32.

105. On these preparations, Richard St Louis, pp. 315–29.

106. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 345.

107. Thomas Wykes, Chronicon, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, iv, 217–18.

108. J. R. Maddicott, ‘The Crusade Taxation of 1268–70 and the Development of Parliament’, Thirteenth Century England, ed. P. Coss and S. Lloyd, ii (Woodbridge 1990).

109. Eracles, pp. 457–8.

110. The Dominican Geoffrey of Beaulieu, RHGF, xx, 20, and generally pp. 20–24.

111. An aspiration confirmed by Louis’s Dominican confessor Geoffrey of Beaulieu, RHGF, xx, 21, 25.

112. The pleasing legend is in William of Saint-Pathus, Vie de St Louis, ed. H.-F. Delaborde (Paris 1899), pp. 153–5; but cf. Geoffrey of Beaulieu, RHGF, xx, p. 23 and Guillaume de Nangis, RHGF, xx, 460–61, confirmed by the testimony of another eyewitness, one of Louis’s sons, Peter of Alencçon, John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 349; for Geoffrey administering the last rites, Primat, RHGF, xxiii, 57.