Грамматика для написания научных статей

2. Use no article (known as zero article) when a plural countable noun is nonspecific.

They went to the country' store and bought eggs and cucumbers.

Note that quantity words are often used when a reference is nonspecific.

They bought some eggs and a lot of cucumbers,

3. Use zero article when you make a generalization (a generic reference) about a plural countable noun.

Dogs are friendly animals.

(The writer is making a generalization about all dogs, not any specific dogs.)

Flowers add color to a room.

4. Use zero article when you make a generalization (a generic reference) about an uncountable noun.

Love never lasts. Gold jewelry is expensive.

Do not add the definite article to a generalization just because the noun has an adjective in front of it. The adjective does not make the noun more specific. It m narrows the noun.

The Ggold jewelry is expensive.

The Rred cars are popular with the young people.

5. Use zero article (or maybe a quantity word) for a nonspecific reference to an uncountable noun.

She offered him advice and information.

She offered him some advice and a great deal of information.

Never use a/an with an uncountable noun.

Task 1. In the following quotations, identify each of the underlined nouns.

Еxample: Gentlemen prefer bonds, (Andrew Mellon)

Answer: Gentlemen – countable plural/nonspesific/ bonds = countable plural/nonspecific

1. The difference between men and boys is the price of their toys. (Malcolm Forbes)

2. Happiness is having a large, loving, caring, close-knit family in another city. (George Bums)

3. Happiness is a warm puppy. (Charles Schulz)

4. As far as I'm concerned, whom is a word that was invented to траке everyone sound like a butler. (Calvin Trillin)

5. The reward of labor is life. Is that not enough? (William Morris)

Task 2. In the following passage identify each underlined noun phrase as making a specific (S) or nonspecific (NS) reference.

My life would have been much simpler, I think, if I had learned how to drive when I came to America. An American¹ without a car² is a sick creature³, a snail⁴ that has lost its shell. Living without a_car⁵ is the worst form of destitution⁶, more shameful by far than not having a home⁷, A earless person⁸ is a stationary object⁹, a prisoner¹⁰, not really a grown-up¹¹. A homeless perso¹², by contrast, may be an adventurer¹³, a vagabond¹⁴, a lover¹⁵ of the open sky¹⁶.

("Carless in America")

D. Superlatives, Ordinals, and Sole References

1. The definite article is always used with superlative adjectives and nouns formed horn superlative adjectives.

She was the fastest swimmer in the race.

Only the strongest survive.

2. The definite article is always used with ordinals that show the position of something in relation to other things: first, last, next, second, third, etc.

Labor Day in the United States falls on the first Monday in September.

That's the tenth time today I have told you not to do that.

The definite article is used with certain adjectives that point to something being one of a kind: main, only, sole, chief.

The main reason that I came to the United States was to get a better education.

He was the only man she ever wanted to marry.

Task 3. Below is an extract from a text about neuroscience, try to explain the choice of articles.

According to Greenfield (1997), the greatest advances in understanding the brain's structure and processes were achieved from the work of two scientists in France and Austria in the middle of the 19^th century. First, a French neuroanatomist, Broca, examined a patient who was unable to pronounce any words other than the sound 'tan' (and for this reason was known as Tan). When Tan died, Broca was able to examine his brain and discovered that the region that had suffered damage was completely different from what (ZERO) phrenologists predicted; according to (ZERO) phrenological theory, control over (ZERO) language was centred below the left eye socket, whereas in Tan's case the damage had occurred higher up in the brain. This is now known as (ZERO) Broca's area.