Ящик. Как грузовой контейнер сделал мир меньше, а мировую экономику больше

³⁷⁵ United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Statistical Yearbook 1975 (Bangkok, 1977), pp. 205–208; Marad, Foreign Oceanborne Trade of the United States, 1970.

³⁷⁶ Fairplay, June 15, 1972.

³⁷⁷ United Nations, Statistical Yearbook 1975, p. 208.

³⁷⁸ Reuters, August 9, 1969; Marad, «Maritime Subsidies» (Washington, DC, 1971), p. 85.

³⁷⁹ Broeze, The Globalisation of the Oceans, p. 50; Fairplay, October 7, 1971, p. 41.

³⁸⁰ United Nations, Statistical Yearbook 1975, pp. 41–43, 127–129, 230–232, and 390; International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Annual 1969–75 (Washington, DC, 1977), pp. 2–3; Matson Research Corp., The Impact of Containerization, 1:114–122; «Matson, Sea-Land to Expand Containership Services», JOC, March 18, 1970; Fairplay, February 16, 1967 and July 15, 1971, p. 11; OECD, OECD Economic Surveys: Australia, esp. 1979.

³⁸¹ McKinsey & Co., «Containerization: A 5-Year Balance Sheet», p. 1–4.

³⁸² Marad, «United States Flag Containerships», April 25, 1969; Pearson and Fossey, World Deep-Sea Container Shipping, p. 220.

³⁸³ Marad, «A Statistical Analysis of the World’s Merchant Fleet», 1968 and 1974.

³⁸⁴ Pearson and Fossey, World Deep-Sea Container Shipping, p. 30; Fairplay, February 10, 1972, p. 40.

³⁸⁵ Matson Research Corp., The Impact of Containerization, 1:24.

³⁸⁶ P. Backx and C. Earle, «Handling Problems Reviewed», Fairplay, February 9, 1967, p. 36; McKinsey & Co., «Containerization: The Key to Low-Cost Transport», p. 57; Fairplay, November 24, 1966; Matson Research Corp., The Impact of Containerization, 2:4; Litton Systems Inc., «Oceanborne Shipping: Demand and Technology Forecast», June 1968, p. 6–2.

³⁸⁷ Fairplay, April 20, 1967, p. 42.

³⁸⁸ Идут давние споры о степени, в которой картели преуспели в ограничении конкуренции и повышении цен. Последние сводки смотрите в: Alan W. Cafruny, Ruling the Waves (Berkeley, 1987), and William Sjostrom, «Ocean Shipping Cartels: A Survey», Review of Network Economics 3, no. 2 (2004).

³⁸⁹ Fairplay, August 24, 1967, p. 8; J. McNaughton Sidey, «Trans-Atlantic Container Services», Fairplay, October 5, 1967.

³⁹⁰ Fairplay, February 9, 1967, p. 41; «U.S. Panel Weight a Boxship Accord», NYT, August 28, 1969.

³⁹¹ Hans Stueck, «2 Big German Shipping Lines Plan Merger», NYT, July 4, 1969; George Horne, «U.S. Lines Plans 16-Ship Charter», NYT, October 4, 1969; Werner Bamberger, «Line Sets Its Course on Time Charters», NYT, January 11, 1970.

³⁹² George Horne, «Grace Line Is Tentatively Sold», NYT, February 7, 1969; Broeze, The Globalisation of the Oceans, p. 48; Farnsworth Fowle, «4 Freighters Sold for $38.4 Million», NYT, August 6, 1970; «Cooling the Rate War on the North Atlantic», Business Week, April 29, 1972; «U.S. to Challenge R. J. Reynolds Bid», NYT, December 15, 1970; Fairplay, July 15, 1971, p. 62, and December 9, 1971, p. 45; ICC, Transport Statistics, Part 5, Table 4, 1970 and 1971.

³⁹³ Broeze, The Globalisation of the Oceans, pp. 42 and 57–59; UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 1912–73, p. 97; Gilbert Massac, «Le transport maritime par conteneurs: Concentrations et globalization», Techniques avancées, no. 43 (April 1998); Gunnar K. Sletmo and Ernest W. Williams Jr., Liner Conferences in the Container Age: U.S. Policy at Sea(New York, 1981), p. 308; «Cooling the Rate War».

³⁹⁴ Pearson and Fossey, World Deep-Sea Container Shipping, p. 25; Wallin„«The Development, Economics, and Impact», p. 883.

³⁹⁵ U.S. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President (Washington, DC, 1982), p. 356; UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 1974, p. 40.

³⁹⁶ UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 1972–73, p. 96; Pearson and Fossey, World Deep-Sea Container Shipping, pp. 25, 220; Clare M. Reckert, «R. J. Reynolds Profit Up 3 % in Quarter», NYT, February 13, 1975; «Their Ship’s Finally Come In», NYT, September 8, 1974.

³⁹⁷ UNCTAD, Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics 1981 Supplement (New York, 1982), p. 45; UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 1975, p. 36, and 1976, p. 32; Robert Lindsey «Pacific Shipping Rate War Flares, Mostly on Soviet Vessel Build-Up», NYT, July 4, 1975.

³⁹⁸ О затратах смотрите Sletmo and Williams, Liner Conferences, pp. 147 and 156. Крупная британская судоходная компания Peninsula & Oriental объявила в 1968 году, что проводит планирование в предположении, что Суэцкий канал будет закрыт постоянно, и похоже, что другие перевозчики сделали тот же самый выбор; смотрите Fairplay, July 4, 1968, p. 79, and Pearson and Fossey, World Deep-Sea Container Shipping, p. 248.

³⁹⁹ Относительные затраты на топливо имеются в: Sletmo and Williams, Liner Conferences, p. 162. Возражения правления Sea-Land в отношении покупки контейнеровозов класса SL‑7 обсуждаются в беседе с Джоном Бойлстоном, COHP.