Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

13. Ibid., page 87. The virility of this new economic arrangement was sufficient even to interest the Muslims. Faced with a Spain buoyed by its successes in the Americas, and with vast reserves of silver now at its command, the Ottomans began to display some curiosity about the New World. Around 1580 a History of the West Indies was written and presented to the Sultan Murad III. Relying mainly on Italian and Spanish sources, the author wrote: ‘Within twenty years, the Spanish people have conquered all the islands and captured forty thousand people, and killed thousands of them. Let us hope to God that some time these valuable lands will be conquered by the family of Islam, and will be inhabited by Muslims and become part of the Ottoman lands.’ Ibid., page 88. (Compare Chapter 29, note 47 below.)

14. Bodmer, Armature of Conquest, Op. cit., page 212.

15. Elliott, Op. cit., page 103.

16. Ibid., pages 95–96.

17. Henry Steel Commager, The Empire of Reason, Op. cit., page 83.

18. Ibid., pages 83–84.

19. Ibid., page 84.

20. Kushnarev (edited and translated by Crownhart-Vaughan), Bering’s Search for the Strait, Op. cit., c. page 169.

21. Bodmer, Op. cit., page 106.

22. Antonello Gerbi, The Dispute of the New World: The History of a Polemic, 1750–1900, revised and enlarged edition, translated by Jeremy Moyle, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973, page 61.

23. Greene, Op. cit., page 128.

24. Gerbi, Op. cit., page 7.

25. Greene, Op. cit., page 129.

26. Bodmer, Op. cit., page 111.

27. Gerbi, Op. cit., pages 52ff.

28. Commager, Op. cit., page 16; Gary Wills, Inventing America, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978/2002, pages 99–100, for Franklin’s meeting with Voltaire.

29. Commager, Op. cit., page 17; Boorstin, The Seekers, Op. cit., page 204; Hugh Brogan, The Penguin History of the United States, London: Penguin, 1985/1990, page 97.

30. Brogan, Op. cit., page 93.

31. Commager, Op. cit., page 20.

32. Ibid., and Brogan, Op. cit., page 98.

33. Commager, Op. cit., page 21.

34. Wills, Op. cit., page 172.

35. Commager, Op. cit., page 23.

36. Ibid., page 24.

37. Greene, Op. cit., page 168; and John Ferling, A Leap in the Dark, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, page 256.

38. Commager, Op. cit., page 30.

39. Ibid.

40. Wills, Op. cit., page 45.

41. Commager, Op. cit., page 33.

42. Ibid., page 39.

43. Greene, Op. cit., pages 131–138.

44. Brogan, Op. cit., page 178; Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966, page 399.

45. Commager, Op. cit., page 41.

46. Ibid., page 94.

47. Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970, pages 159–160.

48. Wills, Op. cit., pages 136–137.

49. Commager, Op. cit., page 98.

50. Ibid., page 106.

51. Ibid., page 108.

52. Wills, Op. cit., page 129; and page 99, for the gadgets at Monticello.

53. Commager, Op. cit., page 114.

54. Peterson, Op. cit., page 160.

55. Commager, Op. cit., page 99.

56. Ibid., page 100.

57. Wills, Op. cit., page 287.

58. Commager, Op. cit., page 146.

59. Ibid.

60. Ibid., pages 149–150.

61. Ibid., page 151.

62. Ferling, Op. cit., page 315.

63. Commager, Op. cit., page 153.

64. Wills, Op. cit., page 6, for Pendleton, page 18, for Adams (whom John F. Kennedy features in his Profiles in Courage).

65. Morison et al., Op. cit., page 67; Brogan, Op. cit., pages 94–95.

66. Commager, Op. cit., page 173, quoting: Samuel Williams, Natural and Civil History of Vermont, 1794, pages 343–344.

67. Ibid., page 176.

68. For the sheer abundance in America, see Greene, Op. cit., page 99, and also for some aspects of marriage.

69. W. H. Auden, City Without Walls, London: Faber, 1969, page 58.

70. Commager, Op. cit., page 181.

71. Ibid., page 183.

72. Brogan, Op. cit., page 216.

73. Commager, Op. cit., page 187–188.

74. Ferling, Op. cit., page 26.

75. Commager, Op. cit., page 192.

76. Ibid., pages 192–193.

77. Ferling, Op. cit., page 150.

78. Commager, Op. cit., page 201.

79. Ibid., page 208.

80. For the effects of this thinking on Europe, see Greene, Op. cit., pages 131ff.

81. Ibid., page 177 for the background.

82. Ferling, Op. cit., page 298.