Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

32. Ibid., page 50.

33. Ibid., pages 73ff.

34. Ibid., page 158.

35. Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples, Op. cit., pages 256ff; and Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong?, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002, page 7.

36. Lewis, Op. cit., page 118.

37. Asli Çirakman, From the ‘Terror of the World’ to the ‘Sick Man of Europe’: European Images of Ottoman Empire and Society from the Sixteenth Century to the Nineteenth Century, New York: Peter Lang, 2002, page 51.

38. Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, Science, Technology and Learning in the Ottoman Empire: Western Influence, Local Institutions and the Transfer of Knowledge, Aldershot: Ashgate/Variorum, 2004, page II 10–15.

39. Ibid., page II 20.

40. Ibid., page III 15.

41. Ibid., page IX 161ff.

42. Ibid., page II 20.

43. Fatma Müge Göçek, East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987, page 25.

44. Ibid., page 58.

45. Lewis, Op. cit., page 25.

46. See, for example: Gulfishan Khan, Indian Muslim Perceptions of the West During the Eighteenth Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988; and: Michael Fischer, Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain 1600–1857, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

47. ‘A Turkish book on the New World was written in the late sixteenth century, and was apparently based on information from European sources – oral rather than written. It describes the flora, fauna and inhabitants of the New World and expresses the hope that this blessed land would in due course be illuminated by the light of Islam. This book also remained unknown until it was printed in Istanbul in 1729 . . . Knowledge was something to be acquired, stored, if necessary bought, rather than grown or developed.’ Lewis, Op. cit., pages 37–39.

48. Ibid., page 46.

49. Ibid., page 47.

50. Ibid., page 66.

51. It would change: see Hourani, Op. cit., pages 303ff, and Chapter 35 of this book.

52. Lewis, Op. cit., page 79.

53. Hourani, Op. cit., page 261, for changing patterns of trade.

54. Lewis, Op. cit., page 158.

55. O’Malley et al. (editors), Op. cit., pages 241ff.

56. Moynahan, Op. cit., page 557, for the trial of Roberto de Nobili, who dressed as a Brahman ascetic.

57. Raymond Schwab, The Oriental Renaissance: Europe’s Rediscovery of India and the East, 1680–1880, New York: Columbia University Press, 1984, page 11.

58. Ibid., page 7.

59. Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron, translation of Zenda Avesta: Ouvrage de Zoroastre, Paris, 1771.

60. Ibid., page xii.

61. Patrick Turnbull, Warren Hastings, London: New English Library, 1975, pages 199ff.

62. Schwab, Op. cit., page 35.

63. Lesley and Roy Adkins, The Keys of Egypt, New York: HarperCollins, 2000, pages 180–181, which reproduces the actual hieroglyphics that Champollion worked on in his breakthrough.

64. Schwab, Op. cit., page 86.

65. Ibid., page 41 and ref.

66. Ibid., page 21. On the wisdom of the Indians, see the translation by E. J. Millington of The Aesthetic and Miscellaneous Works of Friedrich von Schlegel, London, 1849.

67. Schwab, Op. cit., page 21.

68. Ibid., page 218.

69. H. G. Rawlinson, ‘India in European literature and thought’, in G. T. Garratt, The Legacy of India, Oxford: The Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1937, pages 35–36.

70. Ibid., pages 171ff.

71. Robert T. Clark Jr, Herder: His Life and Thought, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1955, page 362f.

72. Schwab, Op. cit., page 59.

73. M. Von Hersfeld and C. MelvilSym, translators, Letters from Goethe, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1957, page 316.

74. Alphonse de Lamartine, Cours familier de litérature, Paris: privately printed, 1856, volume 3, page 338.

75. Schwab, Op. cit., page 161.

76. Ibid., page 177.

77. Ibid., page 179.