Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

83. Commager, Op. cit., page 236.

84. Ibid., page 238.

85. Ferling, Op. cit., page 257.

86. Commager, Op. cit., pages 240–241.

87. Wills, Op. cit., page 249; Ferling, Op. cit., page 434.

88. Commager, Op. cit., page 245.

89. Tocqueville noted the difference between ‘dissolute’ French-speakers in New Orleans and the ‘pious’ French-Canadians.

90. André Jardin, Tocqueville, London: Peter Halban, 1988, page 149.

91. Ibid.

92. Ibid., page 117. See also: James T. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville’s ‘Democracy in America’, Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1980, especially pages 62ff, 191ff, and 263ff.

93. Jardin, Op. cit., page 126.

94. Ibid., page 158; Brogan, Op. cit., page 319.

95. Jardin, Op. cit., page 114. An alternative view is that de Tocqueville thought equality the most important factor in America, but that the revolution had been of little importance in producing that spirit. He also famously said that the two great powers of the future would be America and Russia. See Wills, Op. cit., page 323.

96. Alexis de Tocqueville, Oeuvres Complètes (edited and selected by J. P. Mayer), Paris: Gallimard, 1951–, volume 1, page 236.

97. Jardin, Op. cit., page 162.

98. Brogan, Op. cit., page 75.

99. Jardin, Op. cit., page 208.

100. Ibid., page 216.

101. Parts of his argument, and some of his observations, were paradoxical or contradictory. He found life more private in America though at the same time he thought people were more envious of one another. The development of industry in America, he felt, would perhaps destroy the community spirit he so admired as it exacerbated the differences between people. See Jardin, Op. cit., page 263.

102. Wills, Op. cit., page 323.

CHAPTER 29: THE ORIENTAL RENAISSANCE

1. Donald F. Lach, Asia in the Making of Europe, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965, volume 1, book 1, page 152.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid., page 153.

4. Ibid., page 155.

5. J. C. H. Aveling, The Jesuits, London: Blond & Briggs, 1981, page 157.

6. John W. O’Malley et al. (editors), The Jesuits: Culture, Science and the Arts, 1540–1773, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999, page 338, though this was also seen as a hindrance.

7. Ibid., page 247.

8. Lach, Op. cit., page 314.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid., page 316; O’Malley et al. (editors), Op. cit., page 380.

11. The fundamental source is John Correia-Afonso SJ, Jesuit Letters and Indian History, Bombay, 1955.

12. Ibid., page 319. For the use of art works to overcome language barriers, see: Anna Jackson and Amin Jaffer (editors), Encounters: The meeting of Asia and Europe 1500–1800, London: V & A Publications, 2004, especially the chapter by Gauvin Bailey.

13. See O’Malley et al. (editors), Op. cit., pages 408ff for other Hindu customs reported by the Jesuits.

14. Lach, Op. cit., page 359.

15. Ibid., page 415.

16. There are scattered references throughout the letters to epidemics, coins, prices and the availability of certain foodstuffs. In general, politics were ignored, beyond personal descriptions of this or that ruler. Correia-Afonso, Op. cit., passim.

17. Lach, Op. cit., page 436.

18. Ibid., page 439.

19. O’Malley et al. (editors), Op. cit., page 405, discusses the idea that some Jesuits thought they understood Hinduism better than the Hindus themselves.

20. Lach, Op. cit., page 442.

21. Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilisation, page 440.

22. O’Malley et al. (editors), Op. cit., pages 343–349 for Jesuit missions to China.

23. Gernet, Op. cit., page 441.

24. Hucker, China’s Imperial Past, Op. cit., page 376.

25. Gernet, Op. cit., page 507.

26. Ibid., page 508. In a particularly Chinese flourish, books were not allowed to Make use of any of the characters which comprised the emperor’s name, lest they be disrespectful.

27. Gernet, Op. cit., pages 521–522.

28. Commager, Op. cit., page 62.

29. Ibid.

30. Peter Watson, From Manet to Manhattan: The Rise of the Modern Art Market, New York and London: Random House/Vintage, 1992/1993, pages 108–109.

31. Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilisation, volume 3, The Gunpowder Empires and Modern Times, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1958/1977, page 42.