Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

30. Barzun, Op. cit., pages 135ff, for a discussion of the development of ideas about the will.

31. Berlin, Op. cit., page 179.

32. Hauser, A Social History of Art, Op. cit., volume 3, page 174.

33. Roger Smith, Op. cit., pages 346–347.

34. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 66.

35. Ibid.

36. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 347.

37. As Ortega y Gasset was to say later: ‘Man has no nature, what he has is his history.’ Ortega y Gasset, ‘History as a system’, in Philosophy and History, Essays Presented to Ernst Cassirer, edited by R. Klibonsky and J. H. Paton, 1936, page 313.

38. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 100.

39. Ibid.

40. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 350.

41. Berlin, Op. cit., page 179.

42. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 242, says that Fichte’s idea of the will may have been an early conception of the super-ego.

43. Berlin, Op. cit., page 180.

44. Ibid., pages 181–182; see also Hawthorn, Op. cit., pages 238–239.

45. Berlin, Op. cit., pages 182–183.

46. Ibid., page 183.

47. Mumford Jones, in his chapter on the romantic genius, Op. cit., page 274, says that it was part of the theory that one best helped society by realising oneself as completely as possible.

48. Berlin, Op. cit., pages 185–186.

49. Ibid., page 187.

50. Despite the nationalism of the Germans, romantics felt that heroes of other cultures might be nearer the ‘invisible nature’ that man shares with the creator. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 279.

51. Berlin, Op. cit., page 188.

52. Chapter XII of Mumford Jones’ Revolution and Romanticism, Op. cit., is entitled ‘The Romantic rebels’.

53. Hauser, Op. cit., page 166.

54. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 346.

55. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 274.

56. Hauser, Op. cit., page 192.

57. Ibid., page 188.

58. Ibid., page 208.

59. Izenberg, Op. cit., pages 142–143.

60. Ibid., page 144.

61. The phrase is Hauser’s, Op. cit., page 210.

62. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 288.

63. Hauser, Op. cit., page 212.

64. Ibid., pages 213–214.

65. Ibid., page 216.

66. Ibid., page 181.

67. In his discussion ‘Two concepts of individuality’, Gerald Izenberg explores the romantics’ view of the differences between males and females. Op. cit., pages 18–53.

68. For poetry as purification see Nicholas Boyle, Goethe: the Poet and the Age, volume 1, The Poetry of Desire, Oxford: The Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1991, pages 329–331.

69. Mumford Jones discusses aspects of this. Op. cit., page 264.

70. Ibid., page 394.

71. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 83.

72. Ibid.

73. See, for example, Alfred Einstein, A Short History of Music, London: Cassell, 1953, page 143.

74. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 86.

75. The Eroica was originally dedicated to Napoleon but, according to legend, Beethoven changed his mind after Bonaparte proclaimed himself emperor. George R. Marek, Beethoven, London: William Kimber, 1970, page 343.

76. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 89.

77. Einstein, Op. cit., page 146. Marek, Op. cit., page 344.

78. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 293.

79. Schonberg, Op. cit., pages 93–94.

80. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 394.

81. Einstein, Op. cit., page 152.

82. Ibid.

83. Ibid., page 154.

84. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 98.

85. Ibid., page 109.

86. Barzun, Op. cit., pages 545–546. See also: Baines (editor), Musical Instruments Through the Ages, Op. cit., page 260, for the development of the saxophone.

87. Menuhin and Davis, Op. cit., page 165; Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 391; and see Baines (editor), Op. cit., pages 124–125, for Paganini and the final evolutionary details about the violin; and page 91 for the differences between English and German (Viennese) pianos.

88. It was said he achieved such excellence because he had sold himself to the devil (he had a cadaverous appearance). He never sought to deny this charge. Menuhin and Davis, Op. cit., page 165; and Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 410.

89. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 110.

90. Edward Dent says that romanticism was established by the time Weber appeared on the scene. Winton Dean (editor), The Rise of Romantic Opera, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1976, page 145.

91. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 112.

92. Einstein, Op. cit., page 152.

93. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 119.

94. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 410.

95. Einstein, Op. cit., page 176.

96. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 410.