Как избежать климатических катастроф? План Б 4.0: спасение цивилизации

84 World Health Organization, “Air Pollution”, Fact Sheet 187 (Geneva: revised September 2000); Janet Larsen, “Coal Takes Heavy Human Toll: Some 25,100 U. S. Deaths from Coal Use Largely Preventable”, Eco-Economy Update (Washington DC: Earth Policy Institute, 24 August 2004).

85 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science and Technology, “National Listing of Fish Advisories: 2005–06 National Listing”, fact sheet (Washington, DC: July 2007).

86 Jonathan Watts, “Beijing Blames Pollutants for Rise in Killer Cancers”, Guardian (London), 22 May 2007.

87 Barbara Demick, “China Blames Pollution for Surge in Birth Defects”, Los Angeles Times , 2 February 2009; Steven Mufson, “Asian Nations Could Outspace U.S. in Developing Clean Energy”, Washington Post , 16 July 2009.

88 Keith Bradsher, “Green Power Takes Root in the Chinese Desert”, New York Times , 2 July 2009.

89 IEA, op. cit. note 6, p. 507.

90 Paul Hawken, Commencement Address to the Class of 2009, University of Portland, Portland, OR, 3 May 2009.

К ГЛАВЕ 4

1 Global Wind Energy Council, Global Wind 2008 Report (Brussels, 2009), pp. 3, 56; Erik Shuster, Tracking New Coal-Fired Power Plants (Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Energy Technology Laboratory, January 2009); “Nuclear Dips in 2008”, World Nuclear News , 29 May 2009; один мегаватт установленной мощности, генерирующей энергию с помощью ветра, вырабатывает достаточно электроэнергии для снабжения 300 домов – см.: American Wind Energy Association “U.S. Wind Energy Installations Reach New Milestone” (Washington, DC, 14 August 2006), press release; число домов вычислено на основе данных о среднем размере домашнего хозяйства в США, полученных из публикации: U.S. Census Bureau “2005 – 2007 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates – Data Profile Highlights” – см.: factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts (просмотрено 9 апреля 2009 г.) и данным о населении из электронной базы данных того же Бюро State and Country QuickFacts, обновленной 20 февраля 2009 г. – см.: quickfacts.census.gov.

2 Поведение двуокиси углерода смоделировано на основе данных о продуктах горения ископаемых видов топлива, приведенных в работе: Tom Boden, Gregg Marland, “Global CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement Manufacture, and Gas Flaring: 1751 – 06” и “Preliminary 2006 – 2007 Global and National Estimates by Extrapolation”, обе работы опубликованы в сборнике: Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center (CDIAC), Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions (Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 2009), а также на основе данных об изменении выбросов в зависимости от изменения характера землепользования, приведенных в статье R. A. Houghton, “Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes” – см.: CDIAC, Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global change (Oak Ridge, TN: ORNL, 2008), ниспадающая кривая приведена в J. Hansen и др., “Dangerous Human-Made Interference with Climate: A GISS ModelE Study”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , vol. 7 (2007), pp. 2, 287 – 312; данные о текущей концентрации СО2 в атмосфере взяты из статьи: Pieter Tans, “Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide – Mauna Loa”, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory, – см.: www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends просмотрена автором 7 апреля 2009.

3 James Hansen et al., “Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?” Open Atmospheric Science Journa l, vol. 2 (15 October 2008), pp. 217 – 231.

4 Lester R. Brown, “Creating New Jobs, Cutting Carbon Emissions, and Reducing Oil Imports by Investing in Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency”, Plan B Update (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 11 December 2008).

5 S. Pacala, R. Socolow, “Stabilizing Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies”, Science , vol. 305 (13 August 2004), pp. 968–972.

6 Так же.

7 International Alliance of Research Universities , Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions , Synthesis Report from International Scientific Congress (Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, 2009).

8 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and DOE, “Energy Star Change a Light, Change the World”, fact sheet (Washington DC: 23 April 2007); Larry Kinney, Lighting Systems in Southwestern Homes: Problems and Opportunities, prepared for DOE Building America Program through the Midwest Research Institute, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) (Boulder, CO: Southwest Energy Efficiency Project, June 2005), pp. 4 – 5.