Поляки в Сибири в конце XIX – первой четверти XX века: историографические традиции, новые направления и перспективы исследований

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Waldemar Rezmer

POLES IN RUSSIA AND SIBERIA 1917–1922; ARMED STRUGGLE, MARTYRDOM, PATHS TO THE HOMELAND

Summary: At the end of the First World War there were over half a million of Polish people in Eastern Russia and Siberia, because around 50 thousand of new refugees from the western governorates of the Russian Empire, mainly Polish soldiers in the Russian Army, Polish soldiers from the German and Austro-Hungarian Army released from prisoner-of-war camps and Józef PiJsudski's Polish Legions, joined the large number of Polish people already staying there. In the summer 1918 they began to form national armed forces in Samara, Kazan, Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk), Syzran, Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Semipalatinsk (now Semey), Irkutsk, Harbin. In December 1918 the French Military Mission arrived in Siberia under General Janin, who became the commander of allied forces in Eastern Russia and Siberia. Polish troops, whose core was 5th Rifle Division with almost 11 thousand soldiers, were also placed under his command. For more than a year Polish troops fought against the Bolsheviks, securing Trans-Siberian Railway and its branches. From November 1919 they acted as the rear guard of the Czechoslovak Legion during its evacuation by this railway. At the beginning of January their escape route was blocked by the Soviet 5^th Army and on 10^th January 1920, at the Klyukvennaya (now Uyar) railway station (around 12 km from Krasnoyarsk) their representatives signed the act of capitulation. The majority of soldiers were kept captive in camps, prisons or were sent to forced labour. After signing the Polish-Soviet Peace Treaty in Riga more than 5,5 thousand Polish prisoners returned to Poland in the years 1921–1922.

A group of around one thousand soldiers under Col. Kazimierz Rumsza did not accept the capitulation and managed to escape to the Far East, from where they sailed to the homeland. In July 1920 they became the core of the Siberian Brigade that participated in the Battle of Warsaw. An unknown number of Polish people did not join the Polish Armed Forces but served in the White Guard. The archives of the Polish troops were taken over by the Bolsheviks in Klyukvennaya. A part of them was destroyed in the very last moment before the capitulation. In the Polish archives, mainly in the Central Military Archives in Warsaw, there are only some remains of the documentation created by the Polish military units formed during the civil war in eastern Russia and Siberia. The most relevant documents are kept in the archives in Russia, Czech Republic, France, Lithuania and Ukraine.

Key words: Polish formations in eastern Russia, Polish formations in Siberia, 5th Polish Rifles Division, the Siberian Brigade, the war in Siberia, Polish prisoners in Soviet slavery.

Rezmer Waldemar – full professor, Doctor hab., professor at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun (Torun, Poland). E-mail: wre@umk.pl

Политическая мобилизация поляков в Сибири в условиях революций 1917 года [5]

Ираида Нам

Аннотация: В статье рассматриваются разнонаправленные процессы активизации общественной и политической жизни поляков в Сибири в условиях революций 1917 г. Их развитие было связано с деятельностью национальных партий, направленной, с одной стороны, на национальную консолидацию и политическую мобилизацию поляков, оказавшихся в Сибири волею разных обстоятельств, на борьбу за воссоздание польской государственности, а с другой, – на их участие во внутриполитической борьбе за демократизацию политического строя России. Сторонниками первой тенденции были национал-демократы (эндеки) и часть правых социалистов (члены ИИС – революционной фракции), в противоположный «лагерь» входили польские социал-демократы и левая часть Польской партии социалистов (ИСС– «левица»).

Ключевые слова: Польское национальное движение, Сибирь, независимость Иольши, национал-демократы, польские социалисты.

Установившийся в России в результате Февральской революции демократический режим создал благоприятные условия для подъема национальных движений. Идеи национализма из области дискуссий перешли в сферу политической практики. На всем пространстве бывшей империи развернулись процессы национальной консолидации и нациестроительства, развивавшиеся преимущественно в контексте реформирования российской государственности на федералистской и культурно-автономистской основе.