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1 °Cision PR Newswire. Dietary supplements market to reach USD 216.3 billion by 2026. Reports and Data. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dietary-supplements-market-to-reach-usd-216-3-billion-by-2026-reports-and-data-300969115.html (December 4, 2019).

11 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. Pub. L. No. 103–417, 108 Stat. 4325.

12 US Food and Drug Administration. Dietary supplement health and education act of 1994, http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/dietsupp.html (1995) (site discontinued).

13 Respondent’s findings of fact, conclusions of law, argument and proposed order. Before Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC. Docket No. 9175, 214 (New York: Bass & Ullman, 1985).

14 Omenn, G. S., Goodman, G. E., Thornquist, M. D., Balmes, J., Cullen, M. R., Glass, A. et al. Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88, 1550–1559 (1996).

15 Kelloff, G. J., Crowell, J. A., Hawk, E. T., Steele, V. E., Lubet, R. A., Boone, C. W. et al. Strategy and planning for chemopreventive drug development: clinical development plans II. J. Cell. Biochem. 26S, 54–315 (1996).

16 US Preventive Services Task Force. Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease: recommendations and rationale. Ann. Internal Med. 139, 51–55 (2003).

17 Omenn, G. S., Goodman, G. E., Thornquist, M. D., Balmes, J., Cullen, M. R., Glass, A. et al.Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. New Engl. J. Med. 334, 1150–1155 (1996).

18 Peto, R., Doll, R., & Buckley, J. D. Can dietary beta-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates? Nature 290, 201–208 (1981).

19 Shekelle, R. B. & Raynor, W. J., Jr. Dietary vitamin A and risk of cancer in the Western Electric Study. Lancet 2, 1185–1190 (1981).

20 Morris, C. D. & Carson, S. Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann. Internal Med. 139, 56–70 (2003).

21 Goodman, B. Experts: don’t waste your money on multivitamins. WebMD Health Newsletter (2013). https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and supplements/news/20131216/experts-dont-waste-your-money-on-multivitamins#1.

22 ScienceDaily. Most popular vitamin and mineral supplements provide no health benefit, study finds. Science News (2018). https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180528171511.htm.

23 IBISWorld. Vitamin & Supplement Manufacturing – US Market Research Report. (2018). https://www.ibisworld.com/industry-trends/market-research– reports/manufacturing/chemical/vitamin-supplement-manufacturing.html.

24 Grand View Research. Dietary supplements market size worth $278.02 billion by 2024. (2018). https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/dietary-supplements-market.

25 United States Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s Report on Nutrition and Health. (Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office, 1988).

26 National Research Council & Committee on Diet and Health. Diet and health: implications for reducing chronic disease risk. (National Academies Press, 1989).

27 American Institute for Cancer Research and World Cancer Research Fund. Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective (Authors, 1997).

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