Russia

Notes

INTRODUCTION

1. One of the few exceptions is Basil Sumner’s masterly Survey of Russian History (2nd edn, London, 1947).

1: THE RUSSIANS: WHO ARE THEY?

1. B. M. Fagan, The Journey from Ede: The Peopling of Our World (London, 1990), p. 183. At one time mammoth tusks had been plentiful enough to use as building frames or tent poles.

2. O. Semino et al., ‘The genetic legacy of palaeolothic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans’, Science, 290 (5404), 10 November 2000, 1155—9, and the interview with Peter Underhill in Montreal Gazette, 11 November 2000, p. D-9. Also L. Cavalli-Sforza, P. Menozzi and A. Piazza, The History and Geography of Human Genes (Princeton, 1994), pp. 3—59 (for the principles) and map 5.2.7, pp. 262—3, and atlas C-5 (for the geographic spread). Despite subsequent intermarriage with Mongols and other peoples of different genetic heritage, the evidence shows Russians to be of predominately Caucasian stock. There was a discursive but interesting discussion on genetics relevant to history on the Marshall Poe e-mail connection (mpoe@fas.harvard.edu ) in September 2002. It centred on haplotype M17, which distinguishes eastern from western Europeans.

3. V. Bunak, ‘Antropologicheskie tipy russkago naroda i voprosy istorii ikh formirovanie’, Kratkie soobshcheniia Instituta etnografii AN/SSR, 36 (1962), 75-82.

4. L. and F. Cavalli-Sforza, The Great Human Diaspora (Reading, Mass., 1995), especially pp. 115—16. For indications of genetic differences between Russians and other Europeans, see Cavalli-Sforza et al., History and Geography of Human Genes, p. 270.

5. G. Vernadsky, Ancient Russia (New Haven, 1947, repr. 1973), pp. 21-2; D Christian, A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, vol. 1 (Oxford, 1998), pp. 77—8; J. Mallory, In Search of Indo-Europeans. Language, Archaeology and Myth (London, 1989), p. 196.

6. P. Dolukhanov, The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to Kievan Rus’ (London, 1996), p. 70. Sredny Stog is associated with the domestication of the horse.

7. Christian, Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, vol. 1, p. 40.

8. Dolukhanov, The Early Slavs, pp. 101-2.

9. Ibid., pp. 109-15.

10. See C. Renfrew, Archaeology and Language (London, 1987) — but also his critic J. Mallory, who concludes that Renfrew’s idea of the spread of the first Indo-Europeans ‘is not congruent with either the linguistic or archaeological evidence’ (In Search of Indo-Europeans. Language, Archaeology and Myth). I am grateful to my former colleague Bruce Trigger for guidance in this area. While haplotype U entered the bloodstream of Europeans some 40,000 years ago, and haplotypes H and V more than 10,000 years ago, bearers of haplotype J ‘may well have descended from … women who came to Europe 8,000 years ago from Anatolia’ - Times Literary Supplement, May 2001, in a review of B. Sykes’s The Seven Daughters of Eve.

11. ‘At that time there was only one Slavic people, including those along the Danube who were subject to the Hungarians, the Moravians, Czechs, Poles and Polanians, who are now called Russians’ (adapted from the translation by S. Cross and P. Olgerd, eds., of The Russian Primary Chronicle (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), p. 62).

12. Baedeker, Russia: A Handbook for Travellers (Leipzig, 1914), pp. xxxviii-xxxix.

13. L. Milev, Velikorusskii pakhar’ i osobennosti rossiiskogo istoricheskogo protsessa (Moscow, 1998), pp. 554—6. Milev’s theory will receive some attention later in the book.

14. Dolukhanov, The Early Slavs, pp. 117-19; M. Gimbutas, The Slavs (London, 1971), pp. 24-5; Vernadsky, Ancient Russia, pp. 48-50.

15. Dolukhanov, The Early Slavs, pp. 119—25; Gimbutas, The Slavs, pp. 44, 46—9.

16. See V. Levasheva in Trudy gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo muzeia, vyp. 32 (Moscow, 1956), pp. 2off., and B. Grekov, Die Bauern in des Russlands von den ältesten Zeiten bis den 17 Jahrhundert (2 vols., Berlin, 1959), passim.

17. Christian, Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, vol. 1, pp. 331—3.