Russia

18. See the maps in P. Barford, The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe (Ithaca, 2001), pp. 376, 378.

19. On the properties of Russian rye and the lore associated with it see R. Smith and D. Christian, Bread and Salt: A Social and Economic History of Food and Drink in Russia (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 5—6 and passim; Christian, Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, vol. 1, p. 331 (and inference therefrom).

20. Barford, The Early Slavs, especially the maps on pp. 387, 399.

21. See the suggestive passage in ibid., pp. 189-91. Also W. Ryan, The Bathhouse at Midnight (University Park, Pa., 1999), ch. 2, esp. p. 37.

22. Christian, Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, vol. 1, p. 340. For a translation of the passage from Ibn Khurdadhbih see G. Vernadsky et al., A Source Book for Russian History from the Earliest Times to 1917 (3 vols., New Haven, 1972), vol. 1, p. 9. On Khazar metrology and money economy see O. Pritsak, The Origins of the Old Rus’Weights and Monetary Systems (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), esp. p. 32. On taxes paid to Khazar towns see Barford, The Early Slavs, p. 237.

23. The remains at Old Ladoga, like the first settlements at Novgorod, have been carefully investigated by archaeologists — see M. Brisbane, ed., Archaeology of Novgorod: Recent Results from the Town and its Hinterland, Society for Medieval Archaeology, monograph 13 (Lincoln, Nebr., 1992); for the broader background S. Franklin and J. Shepard, The Emergence of Rus’ 730—1200 (London, 1996), pp. 12ff. On the early association of Vikings and Slavs, see M. Liubavskii, Obzor istorii russkoi kolonizatsii, ed. A. la. Degtarev et al. (Moscow, 1996), p. 55.

24. Brisbane, ed., Archaeology of Novgorod, pp. 9off. See also E. Nosov, ‘The problem of the emergence of early urban centres in northern Russia’, in J. Chapman and P. Dolukhanov, Cultural Transformations and Interactions in Eastern Europe (Aldershot, 1993), pp. 236-56, and A. Kuza, ‘Sotsial’no-istoricheskaiatipologiia drevnerusskikh gorodov x—xiii vv’, in Russkii gorod: issledovania i materially, no. 176 (Moscow, 1983), pp. 4-36. On the phenomenon of ‘paired’ towns, see Nosov, ‘Early urban centres in northern Russia’, and the references therein.

25. Ibn Rusta is quoted in Franklin and Shepard, The Emergence of Rus’, p. 45.

26. I. Dubov, ‘The ethnic history of northwestern Rus’ in the ninth to the thirteenth centuries’, in D. Kaiser and G. Marker, eds., Reinterpreting Russian History (New York, 1994), pp. 14-20. Also A. Sakharov, ‘The main phase and distinctive features of Russian nationalism’, in G. Hosking and R. Service, eds., Reinterpreting Russian Nationalism (London, 1995), pp. 7—18.

2: THE FIRST RUSSIAN STATE

1. See A. Ya. Degtarev’s rationalization of the legend that the men of Novgorod summoned Riurik to rule as their prince in Liubavskii, Obzor istorii russkoi kolonizatsii, p. 55.

2. The importance of the Khazars is suggested by the fact that Viking rulers of the early tenth century styled themselves ‘kagan’, the title of the Khazar ruler — see Barford, The Early Slavs, pp. 238—9. The Khazars were successful commercially, and even developed money economy and coinage - see O. Pritsak, ‘Did the Khazars possess a monetary economy?’, in his Origins of the Old Rus’ Weights and Monetary Systems, pp. 21—32.

3. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio, ed. Gy. Moravcik and R. Jenkins (2 vols., London, 1962), section 9: ‘On the coming of the Russians in “monolykha”.’See also Franklin and Shepard, The Emergence of Rus’.

4. C. Mango, trans., The Homilies of Photius (Cambridge, Mass, 1958), pp. 95ff.

5. See Vernadsky’s chronology in his Ancient Russia, pp. 394-5; Franklin and Shepard, The Emergence of Rus’, p. 57.

6. M. McCormick, Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce,A.D. 300—900 (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), pp. 610, 743, 760.