Russia

34. On the Khalkin-Gol campaign see J. Erickson, The Soviet High Command (London, 1961), pp. 532-57.

35. Ibid., pp. 542-7.

36. The point is made by A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War (London, 1969), pp. 316-19.

37. Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad, ch. 2.

38. For good accounts of the early operations, see Erickson’s The Soviet High Command, chs. 17 and 18, and his The Road to Stalingrad, pp. 99—222.

39. Quoted in Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad, p. 5.

40. Ibid., p. 235.

41. C. Andrew and V. Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West (London, 2000), p. 135.

42. Ibid., p. 433.

43. J. Erickson, Stalin’s War with Germany, vol. 2: The Road to Berlin (New Haven, 1999), pp. 45-6.

44. Ibid., ch. 3, esp. p. 135.

45. Longworth, The Cossacks, pp. 329-39.

13: THE HIGH TIDE OF SOVIET IMPERIALISM

1. For details of the operation see J. Erickson, The Road to Berlin, pp. 139-42, and passim for subsequent operations.

2. Quoted in J. Haslam, Vices of Integrity (London, 1999), p. 107.

3. J. Mackintosh, Strategy and Tactics of Soviet Foreign Policy (London, 1962), p. 10.

4. M. Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (Harmondsworth, 1969), p. 90.

5. O. Gordievsky claims that the Germans lost 9 million men in the fighting on all fronts, whereas the Soviet Union lost between 20 and 30 million on its western front alone - see his letter in the TLS, 4 May 2001.

6. Primo Levi, The Voice of Memory: Interviews 1961-1087, ed. M. Belpoliti, trans. R. Gordon (New York, 2001), p. 52.

7. For a concise account of the circumstances at the conclusion of the war and events up to the onset of the Cold War, see P. Longworth, The Making of Eastern Europe (2nd edn, London, 1997), pp. 69-82 and nn. 1-13, pp. 92-3.

8. O. Jaszi, ‘The economic crisis in the Danubian states’, Social Research (New York, New School of Social Research), 2 (1935), 98-116. The extract quoted is on p. 116.

9. See Longworth, The Making of Eastern Europe, pp. 80—81.

10. M. Perrie, The Image of Ivan the Terrible in Russian Folklore (Cambridge, 1987), p. 117.

11. Personal communication from the daughter.

12. R. Slusser and J. Triska, Calendar of Soviet Treaties (Stanford, 1959), pp. 304, 323. The work gives an impression of intense diplomatic activity round the world in the post-war years.

13. Mackintosh, Strategy and Tactics of Soviet Foreign Policy, pp. 130-32.

14. Ibid., pp. 205ff.

15. Pravda, 28 January 1959.

16. Service, Twentieth-Century Russia, p. 351.

17. See Bugai, N., ‘Pravda o deportatsii chechenskogoï ingushetskogo narodor’ [The Truth about the Deportation of the Chechen and Ingush Peoples], Voprosy istorii, 7 (1990), pp. 32-44.

18. Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölkerreich, pp. 310-12.

19. V. Kabuzan, Russkie v mire: dinamika, chislennost’ i rasselenniia 1710-1080 (St Petersburg, 1996), p. 271.

20. Grossman, ‘The industrialization of Russia’.

21. Olcott, The Kazakhs, pp. 238-40.

22. Armstrong, Russian Settlement in the North, p. 170.

23. Kabuzan, Russkie v mire, p. 274.

24. Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölkerreich, p. 313.

25. Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, pp. 651-5.

26. Longworth, The Making of Eastern Europe, pp. 51—2 passim and n. 12, p. 66.

27. M. Sicker, The Strategy of Soviet Imperialism (New York, 1988), p. 13.

28. The standard source for this is M. Kaser, COMECON (London, 1967); see also his (ed.) The Economic History of Eastern Europe (3 vols., Oxford, 1986).

29. Service, Twentieth-Century Russia, p. 388.

30. Sicker, The Strategy of Soviet Imperialism, pp. 145-7.

31. Ibid., p. 69; Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, pp. 508-11.

32. Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, pp. 149—77, passim. For a Russian account of these activities based on archives preserved by the Association of Veterans of Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service, see Ocherk istorii rossiiskoi vneshnei razvedki, vol. 6: 1945-1965 (Moscow, 2003).