Russia

44. The term bol’sheviki denotes members of the ‘majority’ Social Democrats, as distinct from the mensheviki who would not follow Lenin’s line.

12: THE CONSTRUCTION OF A JUGGERNAUT

1. W. Chamberlin, Russia’s Iron Age (London, 1935), p. 253.

2. A. Brusilow, A Soldier’s Note-Book 1914-1918 (London, 1930), p. 326.

3. L. Pazvolsky and H. Moulton, Russian Debts and Russian Reconstruction (New York, 1924), pp. 20-22, 43-4, 166-7.

4. Grossman, ‘The industrialization of Russia’.

5. The most thorough source on this, as for most of the early history of the USSR, is E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917—1923 (3 vols., London, 1950-54); for a continuation of the account, see E. H. Carr, and R. Davies, Socialism in One Country, 1924-1926 (London, 1950) and Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926—1929 (London, 1969).

6. E. H. Carr, The Soviet Impact on the Western World (London, 1947), p. 23.

7. The declaration is reproduced in English translation as app. 4 of Armstrong, Russian Settlement in the North, pp. 192-3.

8. Allen, The Ukraine, pp. 318—19. The standard work on the inception of Soviet nationality policy is R. Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism (Cambridge, Mass., 1964).

9. R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), pp. 113-14; Broxup, ed., The North Caucasus Barrier, p. 6.

10. Allen, The Ukraine, pp. 320-4.

11. Olcott, The Kazakhs, pp. 134-56.

12. See Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia, p. 232.

13. V. Kabuzan, Russkii etnos v 20—80—kh godakh xx veka, p. 273.

14. Statistical Handbook of the USSR for 1928, cited in V. Timoshenko, Agricultural Russia and the Wheat Problem (Stanford, 1932), p. 504 and table II, p. 520.

15. The figures for Britain and the United States are for 1923. See The Works of Nikolai D. Kondrat’ev, ed. N. Maklasheva et al., vol. 3 (London, 1998), p. 366.

16. Ibid., p. 295 (I have slightly adapted S. Wilsons translation).

17. Timoshenko, Agricultural Russia and the Wheat Problem, pp. 26, 28-9.

18. Ibid., table V, p. 527.

19. Quoted in E. Rees, ‘Stalin and Russian nationalism’, in Hosking and Service, eds., Russian Nationalism Past and Present, p. 85.

20. V. Zhiromaksia, Demograficheskaia istoriia rossii k 1930-e gody (Moscow, 2001), p. 66.

21. Ibid., table 12, pp. 80-81, and pp. 83-4.

22. See the report (to Congress) of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Washington, DC, 1988. Also R. Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror Famine (London, 1986). Service, Twentieth-Century Russia, pp. 202, 207, disposes of the accusation temperately and economically.

23. Allen, The Ukraine, pp. 321, 324-5.

24. Ibid., pp. 327-8, quoting Pravda, 3 April 1930.

25. I. N. Kiselev, ‘Estestvennoe dvizhenie naseleniia v 1930-kh godakh’, in Iu. Poliakov et al., eds., Naselenie Rossii 1920—1950-e gody: chislennost’, poteri, migratsii (Moscow, 1994), pp. 59-65, esp., pp. 57-8; V. Zemskov, ‘Spetsposolentsy (1930-1959gg.)’, in ibid., pp. 145-69. See also n. 29 below.

26. On conditions for ordinary people, methods of coping and prevailing optimism in the 1930s, see S. Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism (Oxford, 1999), p. 75 and passim; on support for the transformation in society, p. 224. For a critical view of Fitzpatrick’s new approach to the Stalinist years, see M. Malia, ‘Revolution fulfilled’, TLS, 15 June 2001, pp. 3-4.

27. Chamberlin, Russia’s Iron Age, p. 49.

28. Ibid., pp. 52-3.

29. R. Conquest, The Great Terror (London, 1968).

30. Quoted in M. Lewin, Russian Peasants and Soviet Power (London, 1968), p. 516.

31. See V. Zhiromskaia, ‘Chislennost’ naseleniia Rossii v I939g.: poisk istiny’, in Poliakov et al., eds., Naselenie Rossii v 1920-1950-e gody, pp. 27—47; Chamberlin, Russia’s Iron Age, pp. 364-6.

32. J. Erickson, Stalin’s War with Germany, vol. 1: The Road to Stalingrad (London, 1998), pp. 63-4.

33. See ibid., ch. 1.