Russia

7. The size of the Grande Armée is the estimate of C. von Clausewitz, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia (London, 1843). For the campaign itself, aside from Clausewitz see L. Tolstoy’s War and Peace. Tolstoy based his account of operations on the archive of the Russian quartermaster-general, his uncle.

8. Kutuzov to Alexander I, 4 September 1812, Vernadsky et al., Source Book, vol. 2, pp. 497-8.

9. F. Vigel’s memoirs quoted in Vernadsky et al., Source Book, vol. 2, p. 511.

10. Clausewitz, The Campaign of 1812, p. 100.

11. [Sir R. Wilson], A Sketch of the Military and Political Power of Russia in the Year 1817 (2nd edn, London, 1817).

12. H. Seton-Watson’s The Russian Empire 1801-1917 (Oxford, 1967) is still useful. For an account of the diplomacy c. 1815, Poland in the context of the settlement, and the strategic implications of Russia’s expansion in the early nineteenth century, see pp. 142-52.

13. Ibid., pp. 172-4; Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölkerreich, pp. 71ff.

14. A. Pushkin, ‘Klevetnikam Rossii’ (‘To the Slanderers of Russia’), 1831.

15. Thaden, Russia’s Western Borderlands, p. 231.

16. On the fundamental problem see G. von Rauch, Russland: Staatliche Einheit und nationale Vielfalt (Munich, 1953). Vigel is quoted on the title page of Raeff’s, Siberia and the Reforms of 1822. On communications, J. Gibson, ‘Tsarist Russia and colonial America’, in Wood, ed., The History of Siberia, p. 105.

17. J. Cochrane, Narrative of a Pedestrian Journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary to the Frozen Sea and Kamtchatka (3rd edn, London, 1825), pp. 346-7. So far from being prejudiced against native people Captain Cochrane married one, a Kamchadale woman.

18. Raeff, Siberia and the Reforms of 1822, pp. 85, 7; Armstrong, Russian Settlement in the North, pp. 104—205 passim; extracts from Speransky’s Statute for the Administrative Organization of Siberia of 1822 are provided in Vernadsky, Source Book, vol. 2, pp. 506-8; Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia, p. 164.

19. See R. Hovannisian, ‘Russian Armenia: a century of rule’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, Neue Folge, 19, 1 (1971), 31-48.

20. Lazzerini, ‘The Crimea under Russian rule’, pp. 131—2.

21. Yermolov is quoted in Baddeley, The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus, p. 97. I have modernized the translation.

22. See for example, M. Gammer, ‘Russian strategies in the conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan 1825-1859’, in M. Broxup, ed., The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World (London, 1992).

23. Barrett, At the Edge of Empire, p. 23.

24. Pallas, Travels, vol. 1, p. 405; see also [G. Ellis?], Memoir of a Map of the Countries Comprehended between the Black Sea and the Caspian (London, 1788), not only for the map, which is of the Caucasus, itself but for the useful compilation from the works of Guldenstaedt, Reinegg and others on the customs of the peoples of the Caucasus, their languages etc.

25. The Russian Journal of Lady Londonderry, ed. W. Seaman and J. Sewell (London, 1973), p. 80.

26. Pallas, Travels, vol. 1, p. 438.

27. E von Gille, Lettres sur le Caucase et la Crimée (Paris, 1859), P. 109.

28. E. Spencer, Travels in the Western Caucasus (2 vols., London, 1838), vol. 1, pp. 96-7.

29. Baddeley, The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus, pp. 272-4.

30. For estimates of Chechen population, see M. Wagner, Travels in Persia, Georgia and Koordistan (3 vols., London, 1856), vol. 1, pp. 253-4; Gille, Lettres sur le Caucase et la Crimée, p. 111.

31. W. E. D. Allen and P. Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields (Cambridge, 1953), ch. 3; for an analysis of these campaigns, see Gammer, ‘Russian strategies’.