Russia

26. A. Kahan, The Plow, The Hammer and the Knout: An Economic History of Eighteenth Century Russia (Chicago, 1985), table 1.1, p. 8, and pp. 9-10.

27. Schuyler, Peter the Great, vol. 2, p. 464.

28. Hellie, The Economy and Material Culture of Russia, pp. 9—11; Kahan, The Plow, The Hammer and the Knout, pp. 7-16.

29. H. Ragsdale, ‘Russian projects of conquest in the eighteenth century’, in H. Ragsdale, ed., Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 75ff.

9: GLORIOUS EXPANSION

1. Milev, Velikorusskii pakhar’ i osobennosti rossiiskogo istoricheskogo protsessa (Moscow, 1998), p. 565.

2. Rondeau to Harrington, 4 January 1731 in Vernadsky et al., Source Book, vol. 2, p. 379, col. 2.

3. E. Finch to Harrington, 2 June 1741 in Vernadsky et al., Source Book, vol. 2, pp. 381-2.

4. Nolde, La Formation de l’Empire Russe, vol. 2, pp. 20-23.

5. Ye. Anisimov, ‘The imperial heritage of Peter the Great in the foreign policy of his early successors’, in Ragsdale, Imperial Russian Foreign Policy, p. 21.

6. C. von Manstein [chief ADC to Marshal Münnich], supplement to his Memoirs of Russia (London, 1770), pp. 404-8, 391 (quotation), 295ff., 304, 109ff.

7. Ibid., p. 131.

8. Kahan, The Plow, The Hammer and the Knout, p. 15, table 1.11.

9. Manstein, Memoirs of Russia, p. 417.

10. An Authoritative Narrative of the Russian Expedition against the Turks by an Officer in the Russian Fleet [possibly Admiral Greig himself] (London, 1772), pp. 9-16; N. Saul, Russia and the Mediterranean 1797-1807 (Chicago, 1970), pp. 5-7.

11. Kahan, The Plow, The Hammer and the Knout, tables 3.17 and 3.18, pp. 92-3.

12. J. Hanway, An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea (2nd edn, 2 vols., London, 1754), vol. 1, pp. 9ff; for Elton’s journal, see pp. 11-27. Also Olcott, The Kazakhs, pp. 31—33; Donnelly, The Russian Conquest of Bashkiriya, pp. 105-6, 116, 158.

13. Hanway, British Trade over the Caspian Sea, vol. 1, pp. 281, 301, 308, 310-11, 349, 364-5; P. Longworth, ‘The role of Westerners in Russia’s penetration of Asia, I7th-18th century’, in Gy. Szvak, ed., The Place of Russia in Eurasia (Budapest, 2001).

14. Olcott, The Kazakhs, p. 33; Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier, pp. 159, 165, 204.

15. Donnelly, The Russian Conquest of Bashkiriya, pp. 57ff. (the quoted passage is on p. 76; the casualty figures are on p. 138).

16. Ibid., p. 156.

17. P. Longworth, The Three Empresses (London, 1972), pp. 144-5.

18. J. Forsyth, ‘The Siberian native peoples before and after the Russian conquest’, in Wood, ed., The History of Siberia, pp. 69—89.

19. Coxe, Russian Discoveries, p. 330.

20. For the impact of smallpox on the population, Kahan, The Plow, The Hammer and the Knout, p. 14; Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia, pp. 189, 128, 95, 162 (the quotation is from Shelekhov); Coxe, Russian Discoveries, pp. 280-81.

21. Chappe d’ Auteroche, A Journey into Siberia (2nd edn, London, 1774), pp. 392-4.

22. A. Fisher, The Russian Annexation of the Crimea 1772—1783 (Cambridge, 1970), pp. 52ff.

23. P. Pallas, Travels through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire in I793 and 1792 (2 vols., London, 1802-3), vol. 2, p. 361.

24. P. Longworth, The Art of Victory (London, 1966), pp. 127-131; Nolde, La Formation de I’ Empire Russe, vol. 1. ch. 10, and A. Fisher, The Russian Annexation of the Crimea, pp. 137, 156.

25. Broxup, ed., The North Caucasus Barrier, p. 3.

26. Pallas, Travels, vol. 2, p. 343. Pallas carried out a thoroughgoing survey at the behest of P. A. Zubov, then chief administrator of the Crimea; E. Lazzerini, ‘The Crimea under Russian rule’, in Rywkin, ed., Russian Colonial Expansion, pp. 13-38; and J. Reuilly, Travels in the Crimea (London, 1807), pp. 63—84.