Russia

27. I. de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (London, 1982), pp. 361-4. On the establishment of Greek and Armenian colonies around the Sea of Azov, see Nolde, La Formation de l’Empire Russe, vol. 2, pp. 140-52; also M. Raeff, ‘Patterns of Russian imperial policy towards the nationalities’, in M. Raeff, ed., Political Ideas and Institutions in Imperial Russia (Boulder, 1994), p. 163.

28. For the whereabouts of German, Swiss, Greek, Bulgarian, Jewish and other settlers in southern Russia in the late eighteenth and particularly the early nineteenth century, see J. Pallot and D. Shaw, Landscape and Settlement in Romanov Russia (Oxford, 1990), p. 83, fig. 4 (map of settlement). On the development of the ports, Reuilly, Travels in the Crimea, pp. 82—4.

29. R. Bartlett, Human Capital: The Settlement of Foreigners in Russia 1762-1804 (Cambridge, 1972). Also Pallot and Shaw, Landscape and Settlement in Romanov Russia and the other sources already mentioned.

30. The English version of Catherine’s manifesto of 1763 inviting foreigners is reproduced in Bartlett, Human Capital, pp. 237—41, 264—7. The quoted pasages are from a handbill, ibid., pp. 243—4.

31. G. Reinbeck, Travels from St. Petersburg through Moscow, Grodno, Warsaw, Breslaw, etc. to Germany in the Year 1805 (London, 1807), p. 147.

32. Thaden, Russia’s Western Borderlands, p. 43.

33. An interesting discussion of these issues is provided by Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölikerreich, pp. 74-78.

34. Z. Kohut, ‘The Ukrainian elite in the eighteenth century and its integration into the Russian nobility’, in I. Banac and P. Bushkovich, The Nobility of Russia and Eastern Europe (New Haven, 1983), pp. 65-85.

35. Longworth, The Cossacks, pp. 224—34.

36. S. Lavrov’s archival research has also shown that at least one Russian governor-general - V. N. Tatishchev, Kirillov’s successor as governor of Orenburg - was bilingual in Russian and German.

37. Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great, pp. 323—34.

38. Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölkerreich, pp. I05f, 96, 116; J. Hartley, A Social History of the Russian Empire, 1630-1823 (London, 1999), p. 75.

39. Thaden, Russia’s Western Borderlands, pp. 33-4.

40. Raeff, ed., Political Ideas and Institutions; Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great, ch. 18.

41. Saul, Russia and the Mediterranean, pp. 42—4.

42. Coxe, Russian Discoveries, p. 306.

43. N.-G. Le Clerc, Histoire physique, morale, civile et politique de la Russie moderne (2 vols., Paris-Versailles, 1783-5), vol. 1, pp. 475-86 et seq.

44. R. Hellie, ‘The costs of Muscovite military defence and expansion’, in E. Lohr and M. Poe, eds., The Military and Society in Russia 1430-1917 (Leiden, 2002), pp. 41-66.

45. Kahan, The Plow, The Hammer and the Knout, table 1.1, p. 8.

10: THE ROMANTIC AGE OF EMPIRE

1. The estimates of land area are Liubavskii’s, in his Obzor istorii russkoi kolo-nizatsii, p. 539.

2. M. Atkin, Russia and Iran 1780-1828 (Minneapolis, 1980), pp. 73ff; General Tornau’s account in J. Baddeley, The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus (London, 1908), pp. 272-4; M. Atkin, ‘Russian expansion in the Caucasus to 1893’, in Rywkin, ed., Russian Colonial Expansion, pp. 139-87 (I have adapted his translation of Tsitsianov’s words).

3. Baddeley, The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus, p. 76.

4. Proclamation of 18 February 1808 issued by Count Bouxhoevden in [General Sprengtporten], Narrative of the Conquest of Finland by the Russians in the Years 1808-g, ed. General Monteith (London, 1854), pp. 225-7.

5. The quoted passage is in Vernadsky et al., Source Book, vol. 2, p. 490. See also Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölkerreich, pp. 87-8.

6. See G. Jewsbury, The Russian Annexation of Bessarabia 1774—1828 (Boulder, 1976), pp. 26-66.