Russia

32. On the Tsar’s interest in the Ardebil Library see L. Kelly, Diplomacy and Murder in Teheran: Alexander Griboyedov and Imperial Russia’s Mission to the Shah of Persia (London, 2002), pp. 157—8; passim for a lively account of the negotiations with the Persians and the career of the playwright Griboyedov, who played a key role in them (and met his death as a result).

33. R. Pinkerton, Russia, or Miscellaneous Observations of the Past and Present of that Country and its Inhabitants (London, 1833), pp. 135—6.

34. Baron von Haxthausen, Transcaucasia (London, 1854), pp. 45—6.

35. ‘Declaration of Circassian Independence Addressed to the Courts of Europe’, in E. Spencer, Travels in Circassia, Krim Tartary, etc. (2 vols., London, 1837), vol. 1, pp. 293-7, reproducing [D. Urquhart], The Portfolio, vol. 1.

36. See J. Bell, Journal of a Residence in Circassia during the Years 1837, 1838 and 1839 (2 vols., London, 1840).

37. See Gammer, ‘Russian strategies’; also Allen and Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields.

38. See X. Hommaire de Hell, Travels in the Steppes of the Caspian Sea (London, 1847), pp. 201ff.

39. Baron von Haxthausen, The Russian Empire, its People, Institutions and Resources (2 vols., London, 1856), vol. 2, pp. 292-4.

40. Census returns reproduced in R. Venables, Domestic Scenes in Russia (London, 1839), p. 349.

41. The Alaska Company had its headquarters in Petropavlovsk on Kamchatka, but Russian naval Captain A. von Krusenstern (Voyage Round the World, trans. R. Hoppne (2 vols., London, 1813), vol. 2, pp. 105, no) reported that the Company’s ships were ill-built and equipped, and its employees tyrannical not only to the Kodiaks and Aleuts but to Russians too.

42. H. D. Seymour, Russia on the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, being a Narrative of Travels in the Crimea and the Bordering Provinces (London, 1855), pp. 91—2.

43. L. Oliphant, Russian Shores of the Black Sea (London, 1854), p. 261.

44. Vernadsky et al., Source Book, vol. 2, p. 551.

45. Ibid., pp. 552-3, 560.

11: DESCENT TO DESTRUCTION

1. Goncharov’s novel is available in English translation.

2. The statistical surveys published by the government are impressive in both their extent and their quality. There are, besides, both many good accounts by contemporaries (e.g. D. Mackenzie Wallace, Russia (London, 1912)) and several good scholarly studies.

3. Decree of 26 January 1857, Vernadsky et al., Source Book, vol. 3, p. 607; see also V. Grossman, ‘The industrialization of Russia’, in C. Cipolla, ed., The Fontana Economic History of Europe (London, 1973), vol. 4, section 7; Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire, pp. 406—7.

4. McEvedy and Jones, Atlas of World Population History, pp. 79, 159, 161.

5. Vice-Chancellor (Foreign Secretary) A. M. Gorchakov to his opposite numbers, 1864, quoted in Vernadsky et al., Source Book, vol. 3, p. 610. For the implications see A. Tuminez, Russian Nationalism since 1836: Ideology and the Making of Foreign Policy (London, 2000).

6. O. Alexander, ‘Tiutchev’s political memorandum rediscovered’, Elementa, 1 (1933), 91ff-

7. V Grigorev, 1840, quoted in M. Bassin, Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East 1840—63 (Cambridge, 1990), P. 54.

8. Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölkerreich, pp. 215-17.

9. B. Manz, ‘Central Asian uprisings in the nineteenth century’, Russian Review, 46, 3 (1987), 267-81.

10. See S. Becker, ‘Russia’s Central Asian Empire 1885-1917’, in Rywkin, ed., Russian Colonial Expansion, pp. 235-40.

11. See D. Mackenzie, ‘The conquest and administration of Turkestan, 1860-85’, in Rywkin, ed., Russian Colonial Expansion, pp. 2o8ff.

12. R. Leslie, Reform and Insurrection in Russian Poland 1836—1863 (London, 1963), is still the fullest and most balanced account in English.

13. Vernadsky et al., Source Book, vol. 3, pp. 612-13.