Russia

7. J. Nell and K. Stewart, Death in Transition: The Rise in the Death Rate in Russia since 1992, UNICEF Occasional Papers: Economic Policy Series, no. 45 (Florence, 1994), pp. 36, table 22, pp. 20, v, 12-13.

8. B. Kagarlitsky, Restoration in Russia: Why Capitalism Failed, trans. R. Clarke (London, 1995), p. 24.

9. R. Medvedev, Post-Soviet Russia (New York, 2000).

10. Service, Russia: Experiment with a People, p. 107.

11. See Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin, pp. 200-210 passim.

12. Ibid., pp. 135, 325.

13. Personal observation.

14. Service, Russia: Experiment with a People, p. 156 and passim. On the connections with organized crime, its abetters among Russian officials, and with Boris Berezovskii see also Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin, pp. 40—2.

15. For an account of the war see A. Lieven, Chechnya’Tombstone of Russian Power (New Haven, 1998).

16. Rossiia v tsifrakh (Moscow, 1997), p. 262; Financial Times, 18 December 1996 and 22 and 24 January 1997.

17. G. Smith, ed., State-Building in Russia: The Yeltsin Legacy and the Challenge of the Future (New York, 1995), pp. 217-25.

18. See G. Derluguian, ‘Che Guevaras in turbans’, New Left Review, 237 (September/October 1999), 3-27.

19. Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin, p. 265.

20. For a full account of the election and the means by which it was won based on the researches of an able journalist, see ibid., ch. 8.

21. The lower estimate is cited by Service, Russia: Experiment with a People, p. 156, the higher by Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin.

22. For reports on the Latvian issue, see Reuters reports, 9 March 1998. More generally, see J. Taylor in Atlantic Monthly, February 2002, pp. 69ff.

23. Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents, p. 145 et seq.

24. Kagarlitsky, Restoration in Russia, p. 58.

25. The Swiss government was to issue a warrant for Borodin’s arrest on charges of money-laundering late the following year.

26. Cohen, Failed Crusade, pp. 136, 141.

27. B. Yeltsin, Midnight Diaries (London, 2000), p. 266.

28. Derluguian, ‘Che Guevaras in turbans’.

29. V. Putin, ‘Russia at the Turn of the Millennium’, has been translated as an appendix (pp. 209—19) to N. Gevorkian, N. Timakova, A. Kolesnikov [and V. Putin], First Person, trans. G. Fitzpatrick (London, 2000); see also L. Shvetsova, Putin’s Russia (New York, 2003), and Tuminez, Russian Nationalism since 1836, pp. 297-8.

30. B. Lo, Russian Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 157-67.

31. O. Skrypnyk on the Senkus web site. Most other unreferenced sources in this chapter are from the press, particularly the Financial Times.

32. See the World Bank’s report From Transition to Development (New York, 2004).

33. See S. Kotkin, Financial Times Magazine, 6 March 2004, p. 19.

34. For an interesting, not unsympathetic, article on Khodorkovskii see C. Freeland in Financial Times Magazine, 1 November 2003, pp. 17—22. The business is still violent, however. The death of a London lawyer who headed Yukos’s holding company in an unexplained helicopter crash in March 2004 has been attributed to his reported willingness to co-operate with the prosecution - see Private Eye, 1102 (19 March 2004), 28.

35. For an example, see Freeland, Financial Times Magazine, 1 November 2003, pp. 17-22.

36. Lo, Russian Foreign Policy, p. 125.

CONCLUSION

1. Presniakov, The Formation of the Great Russian State, p. 381.

2. Against undertakings given by Washington and Bonn at the time, and against the advice of George Kennan, Paul Nitze and others — see Stent, Russia and Germany Reborn, p. 221.

3. Russian census statistics posted on UN website, 9 June 2004, p. 3.

4. As reported by J. Page in The Times, 27 May 2004, p. 50.

5. M. Walker in World Policy Journal, 11, 1 (1994), 1.

6. I. Prizel, National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine (Cambridge 1998), p. 272.

7. Personal communicaton of Dr V. Zhiromskaia at ELTE seminar, Budapest, May 2004.