Summerfolk

84. S. N. Vil’chkovskii, Tsarskoe selo (SI. Petersburg, 1911).

85. Znakomyi. Dachi. 49.

86. See F. Raevskii, Peterburg s okrestnostiami (St. Petersburg, 1902).

87. “Losinoostrovskaia” i ee okrestnosti: Putevoditel’ i spravochnaia kniga (Moscow, 1913), 9.

88. Ebenezer Howard’s Garden Cities of To-morrow was translated into Russian in 1904, and in 1913 a Russian garden city society was formed (it re-formed after the Civil War, in 1922).

89. D. Protopopov, “Goroda budushchego,” Gorodskoe delo, no. 17 (1909), 855–56.

90. V. Semenov, Blagoustroistvo gorodov (Moscow, 1912).

91. See V. L. Ruzhzhe, “Goroda-sady,” Stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura Leningrada, no. 2 (1961), 34–36. One of the first such projects was drawn up for the Stroganov lands just north of the Neva: see “Pervyi gorod-sad v Rossii,” Gorodskoe delo, nos. 15–16 (1911), 1183–84.

92. Dachnitsa, no. 5 (1912), 2. However, advertisements from Nizhegorodskii listok in the 1900s suggest that the range of dachas available there was rather similar to those of Moscow and St. Petersburg, even if the absolute numbers were much smaller.

93. On the need for greater infrastructural provision in dacha settlements outside Warsaw, see Dachnyi listok, 24 July 1909. The dacha habits of middle-class Odessans are described briefly in P. Herlihy, Odessa:A History, 1794–1914 (Cambridge, Mass., 1986), 277.

94. A. Saladin, Putevoditel’ po prigorodnym i dachnym mestnostiam do stantsii Ramenskoe MoskovskoKazanskoi zheleznoi dorogi (Moscow, 1914), 21.

95. P. N. Shteinberg, Dekorativnyi dachnyi i usadebnyi sad, 3d ed. (Petrograd, 1916), and P.l. Kamenogradskii, Dachnyi sad: Razbivka i obsadka nebol’shikh sadov i parkov derev’iami, kustami i tsvetami, 3d ed. (Petrograd, 1918).

96. Semenov, Blagoustroistvo gorodov, 1.

97. See, e.g., V. Portugalov, “Sanitarnoe znachenie zhilishcha,” Nashe zhilishche, no. 1 (1894), 2–5.

98. Dachnyi vestnik, no. 1 (1909), 4.

99. Dachnik, no. 1 (1912), 2.

100. All these problems were discussed at length in 1909 at the first 51. Petersburg congress oflocal societies from dacha and suburban settlements. See the reports published in Trudy pervogo S.-Peterburgskogo s"ezda predstavitelei podstolichnykh poselkov, 28–31 avgusta 1909 goda (St. Petersburg, 1910).

101. One response to the prevailing stereotypes of life in dacha settlements is “Chto ob nas govoriat i pechataiut?” PLL, 13 June 1882, 2.

102. See, e.g., “Novye Sokol’niki:” Dachnye uchastki: Imenie Anny Nikolaevny Kovalevoi (Moscow, 1911), and Opisanie Edinstvennogo v Rossii Blagoustroennogo Podmoskovnogo Poselka “Novogireevo” pri sobstvennoi platforme (Moscow, 1906).

103. E. Iu. Kupffer, Zhiloi dom: Rukovodstvo dlia proektirovaniia i vozvedeniia sovremennykh zhilishch (St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1914), 197.

104. Note the strictures of the anonymous columnist “Old Resident” (“Staryi posel ’chanin”) in Poselkovyi golos (St. Petersburg, 1909–10). A similar range of concerns are reflected in Losinoostrovskii vestnik (1909–17) and Vestnik poselka Lianozovo (1908, 1913).

105. Electric trams, for example, were not running in St. Petersburg until 1907. For comparison, Kiev had an electric system in the early 1890s; London had extensive suburban railways in the 1860s and a whole underground system in 1910.

106. A. Weber, The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in Statistics (1899; Ithaca, N.Y., 1963).

107. For a contemporary diagnosis of the problems, see K. Raush, “Prigorody bol’shikh gorodov i ikh puti soobshcheniia,” Gorodskoe delo, no. 16 (1909), 802–10.

108. T. Colton, Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 60–63.