Тело помнит все. Какую роль психологическая травма играет в жизни человека и какие техники помогают ее преодолеть

Глава 10. Травма развития: скрытая эпидемия

1. Эти случаи были частью исследования, проведенного совместно Джулианом Фордом, Джозефом Спинаццолой и мной.

2. H. J. Williams, M. J. Owen, and M. C. O’Donovan, “Schizophrenia Genetics: New Insights from New Approaches”, British Medical Bulletin 91 (2009): 61–74. См. Также: P. V. Gejman, A. R. Sanders, and K. S. Kendler, “Genetics of Schizophrenia: New Findings and Challenges”, Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 12 (2011): 121–44; and A. Sanders, et al., “No Significant Association of 14 Candidate Genes with Schizophrenia in a Large European Ancestry Sample: Implications for Psychiatric Genetics”, American Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 4 (April 2008): 497–506.

3. R. Yehuda, et al., “Putative Biological Mechanisms for the Association Between Early Life Adversity and the Subsequent Development of PTSD”, Psychopharmacology 212, no. 3 (October 2010): 405–17; K. C. Koenen, “Genetics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Review and Recommendations for Future Studies”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 20, no. 5 (October 2007): 737–50; M. W. Gilbertson, et al., “Smaller Hippocampal Volume Predicts Pathologic Vulnerability to Psychological Trauma”, Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002): 1242–47.

4. Koenen, “Genetics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”. См. также: R. F. P. Broekman, M. Olf, and F. Boer, “The Genetic Background to PTSD”, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 31, no. 3 (2007): 348–62.

5. M. J. Meaney and A. C. Ferguson-Smith, “Epigenetic Regulation of the Neural Transcriptome: The Meaning of the Marks”, Nature Neuroscience 13, no. 11 (2010): 1313–18. См. также: M. J. Meaney, “Epigenetics and the Biological Definition of Gene × Environment Interactions”, Child Development 81, no. 1 (2010): 41–79; and B. M. Lester, et al., “Behavioral Epigenetics”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1226, no. 1 (2011): 14–33.

6. M. Szyf, “The Early Life Social Environment and DNA Methylation: DNA Methylation Mediating the Long-Term Impact of Social Environments Early in Life”, Epigenetics 6, no. 8 (2011): 971–78.

7. Moshe Szyf, Patrick McGowan, and Michael J. Meaney, “The Social Environment and the Epigenome”, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 49, no. 1 (2008): 46–60.

8. На данный момент имеется огромное количество подтверждений того, что всевозможный жизненный опыт может менять экспрессию генов. Вот несколько примеров: D. Mehta et al., “Childhood Maltreatment Is Associated with Distinct Genomic and Epigenetic Profiles in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 20 (2013): 8302–7; P. O. McGowan, et al., “Epigenetic Regulation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Human Brain Associates with Childhood Abuse”, Nature Neuroscience 12, no. 3 (2009): 342–48; M. N. Davies, et al., “Functional Annotation of the Human Brain Methylome Identifies Tissue-Specifc Epigenetic Variation Across Brain and Blood”, Genome Biology 13, no. 6 (2012): R43; M. Gunnar and K. Quevedo, “The Neurobiology of Stress and Development”, Annual Review of Psychology 58 (2007): 145–73; A. Sommershof, et al., “Substantial Reduction of Naive and Regulatory T Cells Following Traumatic Stress”, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 23, no. 8 (2009): 1117–24; N. Provençal, et al., “The Signature of Maternal Rearing in the Methylome in Rhesus Macaque Prefrontal Cortex and T Cells”, Journal of Neuroscience 32, no. 44 (2012): 15626–42; B. Labonté, et al., “Genome-wide Epigenetic Regulation by Early-Life Trauma”, Archives of General Psychiatry 69, no. 7 (2012): 722–31; A. K. Smith, et al., “Differential Immune System DNA Methylation and Cytokine Regulation in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder”, American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 156B, no. 6 (2011): 700–8; M. Uddin, et al., “Epigenetic and Immune Function Profiles Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 20 (2010): 9470–75.

9. C. S. Barr, et al., “The Utility of the Non-human Primate Model for Studying Gene by Environment Interactions in Behavioral Research”, Genes, Brain and Behavior 2, no. 6 (2003): 336–40.