The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

21. LMA, LCC/CL/CD/1/252, memorandum by Deputy Chief Officer, London Fire Brigade, 5 June 1940; LCC to London Ambulance Service, 22 July 1940; Clerk of the LCC, memorandum, ‘Civil Defence Services: Employment of Conscientious Objectors’, 13 Mar 1941. More generally see Denis Hayes, Challenge of Conscience: The Story of the Conscientious Objectors of 1939–1949 (London: 1949), 182–4; Rachel Barker, Conscience, Government and War (London: 1982), 51, 61–5; Rose, Which People’s War?, 170–79.

22. Charles Graves, Women in Green: The Story of the W.V.S. (London: 1948), 14–20; O’Brien, Civil Defence, 128–9.

23. HHC, TYW/1/W5, Synopsis of lecture courses in ARP, WVS June 1940; WVS to chief warden, 4 Nov 1941, ‘Emergency Cookery Demonstration’.

24. HHC, TYW/1/W6, League of Good Neighbours circular, ‘The Housewives’ Service’; ‘Help Rendered during Air Raids by Women Wardens and League of Good Neighbours’, 8 Jan 1942.

25. YCA, Acc 89/2, Notes of meeting with the chief warden, 24 Apr 1940.

26. HHC, TYW/1/W6, ‘Duties of Women Wardens’ [n.d.]; The Manchester Guardian, 6 Sept 1940, ‘Hull’s Wardens and Shelters’.

27. TWA, MD-NC/276/3, ‘Further Report on the Staffing of Dormitory Shelters’, 19 Apr 1941; Newcastle Emergency Committee minutes, 3 Aug 1944; O’Brien, Civil Defence, 586–7. Pay in 1940 was £3.10.0 for men and £2.7.0 for women; in 1944 the final rates were £4.0.6 for men and £2.16.6 for women.

28. Calculated from O’Brien, Civil Defence, 690, App x.

29. John Strachey, Post D: Some Experiences of an Air-Raid Warden (London: 1941), 66–7.

30. O’Brien, Civil Defence, 678; Graves, Women in Green, 139.

31. HHC, TYW/1/A58-1, Circular to wardens from chief warden, 4 July 1940.

32. YCA, Acc 89/1a, Emergency Committee minutes, 15 Apr 1940; ARP Officer to chief warden, 19 Oct 1939.

33. CLSC, JN20/16/C, minutes of Hampstead Civil Defence Committee, 20 Sept 1939.

34. TNA, HO 207/386, London CD Region, ‘Instructors Course for Officers’, June 1941, 3.

35. TWA, MD-NC/276/5, Newcastle ARP Committee minutes, 12 Apr 1943; O’Brien, Civil Defence, 587–8.

36. HHC, TSCD/1, Borough Engineer, Stoke Newington to City Engineer, Hull, 2 Mar 1938, ‘Progress Report No 1’, 2.

37. HHC, TYW/1/T5, ‘Demonstration of Bombs and Their Effects’, 13 July 1939; ‘Proceedings at Bomb Demonstrations’.

38. TWA, MD-NC/94/15, ARP Special Committee minutes, 2 July 1936.

39. TNA, ED 136/111, Ministry of Health, ‘Report on Evacuation Rehearsal’, 28 Aug 1939; ‘Report on Visit to London Schools’, 26 Aug 1939.

40. HHC, TSCD/1, Leicester Evening Mail, 25 and 28 Jan 1938; News Chronicle, 1 Apr 1939; Manchester Chief Constable, ‘Instructions in Connection with Night Exercises 1 April 1939’.

41. YCA, Acc 89/1a, minutes of Emergency Committee, 17 Nov 1939; TNA, HO 186/2944, London Region Operational Circulars, Nov 1939–Aug 1940.

42. Green, Caught, 93–4, 178.

43. TNA, INF 1/264, Home Intelligence, summary of daily reports, 28 Mar 1940; HO 186/2201, Factory Department, Ministry of Labour, circular for all factory premises, Apr 1941.

44. TNA, ED 136/111, ‘Planning of Evacuation’, Jan 1939; Ruth Inglis, The Children’s War: Evacuation 1939–1945 (London: 1989), 1.

45. Richard Titmuss, Problems of Social Policy (London: 1950), 171–6; Inglis, Children’s War, 25–6.

46. TNA, HO 191/28, ARP Department, MHS, ‘Statistics of Shelter Provision’, 23 Apr 1940.

47. Dietmar Süss, ‘Wartime Societies and Shelter Politics in National Socialist Germany and Britain’, in Claudia Baldoli, Andrew Knapp, Richard Overy (eds), Bombing, States and Peoples in Western Europe 1940–1945 (London: 2011), 31–3.

48. George H. Gallup, The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: Great Britain 1937–1975, 2 vols (New York: 1976), 34–5.

49. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, OEMU/59/13, draft ‘Shelter habits’, Table B, Table C.

50. HHC, Memorandum from borough engineer, Hull, ‘Domestic Surface Shelters’, 17 May 1939; TWA, CB-GA/13/1, Gateshead Emergency Committee minutes, 5 Apr 1939; minutes, 18 Sept 1941.

51. Idle, War over West Ham, 108–9.

52. HHC, TSA/CD/100, ARP domestic shelters canvass sheet; note for City Engineer, 5 July 1940.

53. YCA, Acc 89/1a, Emergency Committee minutes, 16 Jan, 20 Feb, 27 Feb 1940.

54. HHC, TSCD/1, Rate Estimates 1939–40, 24 Jan 1939; TWA, MD-NC/276/5, ‘Report of the City Treasurer’, 19 June 1944.

55. TNA, PREM 3/27, Note by Minister without Portfolio (Maurice Hankey) for Churchill, 26 Sept 1940; Anderson to Churchill, 6 Sept 1940.

56. O’Brien, Civil Defence, 224–6.