The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

21. TNA, AIR 9/102, Draft Plan W.A.5(d), 13 Jan 1940; CamUL, Templewood papers, XII, File 2, interviews with officers from Wellington and Whitley squadrons, 29 Apr 1940.

22. TNA, AIR 41/5, ‘International Law of the Air’, 12–13.

23. TNA, AIR 14/194, Record of a conference with the Air Staff, 28 Apr 1940, 3.

24. Martin Gilbert (ed), The Churchill War Papers: Vol II: Never Surrender, May 1940–December 1940 (London: 1994), 17–18, 24–6, 38–43, War Cabinet minutes, 12 May, 13 May, 15 May 1940. Randall Hansen, Fire and Fury: The Allied Bombing of Germany 1942–1945 (New York: 2009), 20, who also dates the Rotterdam attack incorrectly.

25. Christopher Harmon, ‘Are We Beasts?’: Churchill and the Moral Question of World War II ‘Area Bombing’ (Newport, RI: 1991), 8–10.

26. Martin Gilbert, Finest Hour: Winston S. Churchill 1939–1941 (London: 1983), 329–30, 334, 342–7; Gilbert (ed), Churchill War Papers: Vol II, 17–18, 25, 38–41, War Cabinet minutes: Confidential Annex, 13 May 1940; War Cabinet minutes: Confidential Annex, 15 May 1940.

27. TNA, AIR 14/194, CAS minute, 19 May 1940; DCAS to C-in-C Bomber Command, 30 May 1940.

28. TNA, AIR 14/249, Air Ministry to all Commands, 4 June 1940; AIR 41/5, ‘International Law of the Air’, 13.

29. TNA, AIR 14/249, Bottomley (Bomber Command SASO) to all Group HQ, 14 June 1940.

30. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/56, Portal to Douglas (DCAS), 16 July 1940; TNA, AIR 14/249, Bomber Command War Orders, proposed amendment, 14 July 1940.

31. Biddle, Rhetoric and Reality, 188–9.

32. TNA, AIR 14/249, telegram from Air Ministry to Bomber Command HQ, 10 Sept 1940; AIR 41/5, ‘International Law of the Air’, 13. Gray, ‘The Gloves Will Have to Come Off’, 25–6.

33. Richard Overy, ‘Allied Bombing and the Destruction of German Cities’, in Roger Chickering, Stig Förster, Bernd Greiner (eds), A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction (Cambridge: 2005), 280–84; Hayward, ‘Air Power, Ethics’, 124–5.

34. TNA, AIR 75/8, War Cabinet Annex, ‘Air Policy’, 14 Oct 1939.

35. TNA, AIR 9/79, Air Ministry (Plans), ‘Note on the Relative Merit of Oil and Power as Objectives for Air Attack’, 16 Oct 1939; AIR 75/8, ‘Draft Bombing Plans’, 14 Nov 1939.

36. RAFM, Douglas papers, MFC 78/23/2, Trenchard to Portal, 2 May 1940; TNA, 75/8, Portal to Newall, 8 May 1940.

37. TNA, 75/8, ‘Draft Bombing Plans’, 14 Nov 1939, 3.

38. TNA AIR 14/194, Slessor (Director of Plans) to Air Marshal A. Evill, 22 Oct 1939; ‘Note on the Question of Relaxing Bombardment Instructions’, 7 Sept 1939.

39. TNA, PREM 3/193/6A, FO Report, 30 May 1940; Halifax to Churchill, 2 June 1940, encl. Report, ‘Morale in Germany’.

40. TNA, AIR 75/8, Air Ministry (Plans), ‘Plans for Attack of Italian War Industry’, 2 June 1940; AIR 20/283, Air Ministry (Bomber Operations), ‘Notes on Bomb Attacks’, 20 Aug 1940.

41. Martin Hugh-Jones, ‘Wickham Steed and German Biological Warfare Research’, Intelligence and National Security, 7 (1992), 387–90, 393–7; Ulf Schmidt, ‘Justifying Chemical Warfare: The Origins and Ethics of Britain’s Chemical Warfare Programme, 1915–1939’, in Jo Fox, David Welch (eds), Justifying War: Propaganda, Politics and the Modern Age (Basingstoke: 2012), 148–50.

42. TNA, AIR 14/206, TC 2, ‘Notes on German Air Operations in Poland’, 19 Oct 1939.

43. TNA, AIR 41/5, ‘International Law of the Air’, 9–10.

44. TNA, AIR 14/194, Bomber Command, ‘Note on the Question of Relaxing the Bombardment Instructions’, 7 Sept 1939; AIR 14/381, Plan W.1, memorandum for C-in-C, Bomber Command, Apr 1938, 1.

45. Harold Balfour, Wings over Westminster (London: 1973), 120.

46. TNA, FO 898/311, MEW memorandum, ‘Bombing of Open Towns’, 19 Apr 1940.

47. CCO, Denis Richards Archive, File IV/Folder A, Salmond to Trenchard, 11 May 1940.

48. Gilbert, Churchill War Papers: Vol II, 41, War Cabinet minutes: Confidential Annex, 15 May 1940.

49. Gilbert, Finest Hour, 81.

50. Robinson Library, University of Newcastle, Trevelyan papers, draft article, ‘Nazism and Civilisation’, Mar 1943.

51. National Library of Wales, Jevons papers, I/IV/85, Noel-Baker to H. Stanley Jevons, 6 Nov 1940; Noel-Baker, ‘Reprisals? No’, Daily Herald, 2 Oct 1940. Brett Holman, ‘ “Bomb Back, and Bomb Hard”: Debating Reprisals during the Blitz’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 58 (2012), 395–9.