The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

88. Ibid., f.37878, o.1, d.537, Reports on military messages received by the MPVO HQ on the activity of enemy aviation on the territory of the USSR during Jan 1945; Reports between 16 and 20 Feb 1945; Report on operational and organizational questions from 1 Mar 1943 until 1 Mar 1944; Lt. Gen. Soskin, ‘Analysis of the Consequences of the Air Raids and the Activity of the MPVO in 1944’, 30 Apr 1945.

89. RGVA, f.37878, 0.1, d.722, ‘The state of the MPVO in People’s Commissariats of transport and industry’, 24 Aug 1945.

90. Ibid., f.37878, o.1, d.701, ‘Report on the Activities of the GU, MPVO/NKVD over the Period of the War’ 6 Jan 1945.

91. Alexander Werth, Leningrad (London: 1944), 163.

92. RGVA, f.37878, o.1, d.537, Lt. Gen. Osokin, ‘Conclusions on the activity of enemy aviation conducting intelligence works and air raids, 1 January until 31 December 1944’, 30 Apr 1945; f.37878, o.1, d.723, ‘The activity of the MPVO during the Great Patriotic War’, 18 Sept 1945.

93. Werth, Leningrad, 162.

94. Ibid., 72.

95. Magaieva, Pleysier, Surviving the Blockade, 42.

96. Richard Bidlack, ‘The Political Mood in Leningrad during the First Year of the Soviet-German War’, The Russian Review, 59 (2000), 101–2, 106.

97. RGVA, f.37878, o.1, d.722, ‘Participation of the MPVO in the reconstruction of the national economy’, 21–4.

98. Ernst Heinkel, He 1000 (London: 1956), 232.

99. IWM, MD, vol LI, 479, Jeschonnek to Milch, 28 Oct 1942.

100. BA-MA, RL3/16, GL Office, ‘Auszug aus der Führerbesprechung’, 3/4/5 Jan 1943.

101. Andreas Nielsen, The German Air Force General Staff (New York: 1959), 155. Gerhard Förster, Totaler Krieg und Blitzkrieg (Berlin: 1967), 150.

102. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 134, Interrogation of Gen. Koller, 25 Sept 1945, 1–2.

103. For details see Richard Overy, ‘From “Uralbomber” to “Amerikabomber”: The Luftwaffe and Strategic Bombing’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 1 (1978), 166–7.

104. Heinkel, He 1000, 230.

105. NARA, Microfilm T321, Roll 10, frames 6778–9, Luftwaffe-Führungsstab, ‘Kurze Studie: Kampf gegen die russische Rüstungsindustrie’, 9 Nov 1943.

106. IWM, MD, vol XV, GL conference, 19 June 1942, in which the head of air force development complained about Heinkel’s ‘egoistic company interests’; BA-MA, RL3/16, Lucht (Technical Office) to Milch, 9 Sept 1942, ‘Festigkeit der He177’; Heinkel to Air Ministry, 12 Sept 1942. See too Lutz Budrass, Flugzeugindustrie und Luftrüstung in Deutschland 1918–1945 (Düsseldorf: 1998), 847–58, on the competitive situation in the industry in 1942–3.

107. BA-MA, RL3/16, Kommando der Erprobungsstelle to Göring, 13 Aug 1942; IWM, MD, vol XV, GL conference, 19 June 1942.

108. Heinkel, He 1000, 233.

109. Horst Boog, ‘Strategischer Luftkrieg in Europa 1943–1944’, in Boog et al., DRZW: Band 7: Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive (Stuttgart: 2001), 348–9.

110. Ibid., 350–51, 355; Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (London: 1970), 280–83.

111. NARA, Microfilm T321, Roll 10, frames 6780–82, ‘Kurze Studie’, 9 Nov 1943.

112. TsAMO, f.500, o.801858, d.218, Operational Staff, ‘Taktische Bemerkungen’, July 1943, 11.

113. Boog, ‘Strategischer Luftkrieg’, 354, 357–62.

114. NARA, Microfilm T321, Roll 10, frame 6765, losses, establishment and output, bomber units, Jan 1943–Mar 1944; Frames 6754–6, Luftwaffe Führungsstab, ‘Studie über die Flugzeuglage der Kampfverbände’, 5 May 1944.

115. RGVA, f.37878, o.1, d.537, 136, ‘Comparative table of air raids, bombs and losses, Jan–May 1943 and Jan–May 1944’; 169, MPVO, ‘Analysis of the consequences of the air raids and the activity of the MPVO in 1944: Table of material losses of the Soviet Union in 1944’.

116. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 134, USSBS Interview no. 8, 5–6.

117. RGAE, f.29, o.1, d.1792/1961, Production of aircraft and engines 1939–1945. There were 43,648 fighter aircraft, 28,947 dive-bombers and 11,397 bombers.

118. Groehler, Bombenkrieg gegen Deutschland, 166–70.

119. Carl van Dyke, The Soviet Invasion of Finland 1939–40 (London: 1997), 55–6.

120. Alexsandr Medved, Dmitri Hazonov, ‘Hyökkäyset Helsinkiin helmikuussa 1944’, Sotahistoriallinen Aikakauskirja, 18 (1999), 134–75. On the Soviet claims see Groehler, Bombenkrieg gegen Deutschland, 170.

121. Birse, Memoirs of an Interpreter, 128–9. The Soviet negotiator in Moscow compared Allied ambitions to conduct operations in the Caucasus campaign with the ‘military intervention’ of the Western powers in 1918–19 against the Bolshevik revolution.