The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

52. LSE, Women’s International League of Peace and Freedom papers, 1/16, Executive minutes, 3 July 1940; WILPF 2009/05/04, ‘Report of Deputation of Pacifist Clergy to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, 11 June 1940’, 2.

53. CamUL, Templewood papers, XII, File 2, transcript of broadcast talk, 27 Apr 1940.

54. Gilbert, Churchill War Papers: Vol II, 42–3, War Cabinet minutes: Confidential Annex, 15 May 1940.

55. CCO, Portal papers, Folder 1, Portal to Churchill, 27 Oct 1940.

56. TNA, AIR 9/424, Slessor (DCAS) to Director of Plans, 17 Aug and 24 Aug 1942. The final directive (Joint Planning Staff: Anglo-US Bombing Policy) was produced on 31 August naming ‘industrial centres’ rather than industrial population.

57. RAFM, Harris papers, H47, Harris to the Under-Secretary of State, Air Ministry, 25 Oct 1943; A. W. Street (Air Ministry) to Harris, 15 Dec 1943. There is an extended discussion of this correspondence in Hansen, Fire and Fury, 159–66.

58. Webster, Frankland, Strategic Air Offensive, vol 4, 111–24. On forests and game see TNA, AIR 40/1814, MEW note, ‘German Forests’, 7 Aug 1940.

59. TNA, AIR 20/283, Air Ministry War Room, ‘Tonnage of Bombs Dropped 24 June to 27 Aug 1940’. The objectives were oil and fuel, electric power, chemicals and explosives, aircraft industry, enemy aerodromes, aluminium, shipbuilding and docks, and communications.

60. TNA, AIR 9/150, Bomber Command war room, details of raids and tonnages on German port targets to May 1941.

61. Ibid., Bomber Command war room, ‘Effort Expended by Bomber Command, May to October 1940’; war room to Air Ministry (Plans), details of all sorties, 11 Oct 1940. The 1944 figures in Webster, Frankland, Strategic Air Offensive, vol 4, 445–6.

62. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/56, Douglas to Newall, 9 July 1940; Portal to Douglas, 16 July 1940.

63. CCO, Portal papers, Walter Monkton (MoI) to Portal, 8 Nov 1940.

64. Edward Westermann, Flak: German Anti-Aircraft Defenses, 1914–1945 (Lawrence, KS: 2001), 90.

65. TNA, PREM 3/11/1, Churchill note for Newall, 28 July 1940; Newall to Churchill, 19 July 1940, ‘Note on Attack of German Forests’; AIR 20/5813, ‘Forestry Report on Incendiary Tests with Different Types of Bombs’, 10 July 1941; ‘Report on a Trial of “Razzle” in Standing Crops’, 16 Aug 1940.

66. Westermann, Flak, 97, 102–3.

67. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/2, précis of a lecture by Wing-Commander G. Carey Foster.

68. CCO, Denis Richards Archive, File VIII, Folder A, interview transcripts with Sir Ian Jacob and Sir Robert Cochrane.

69. Harmon, ‘Are We Beasts?’, 10–14.

70. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: Vol II (London: Cassell, 1957), 567; Biddle, Rhetoric and Reality, 186–7, for Churchill’s views on bombing as a ‘way of winning the war’.

71. E.g. Jörg Friedrich, The Fire: The Bombing of Germany 1940–1945 (New York: 2006), 62; Douglas Lackey, ‘Four Types of Mass Murderer: Stalin, Hitler, Churchill, Truman’, in Igor Primoratz (ed), Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II (Oxford: 2010), 134–5, 144–54; Eric Markusen, David Kopf, ‘Was It Genocidal?’, in ibid., 160–71.

72. David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War (London: 2004), 320–22.

73. CamUL, Boyle papers, Add 9429/2c, conversation with Harris, 18 July 1979. Harris also showed the letter to Churchill’s biographer, Martin Gilbert. See Gilbert, Churchill War Papers: Vol II, 492–3.

74. TNA, AIR 2/7211, ‘Note on the Lessons to be Learned from German Mistakes’, 19 Sept 1940, 3.

75. CCAC, BUFT DBOps, ‘Review of the Present Strategical Air Offensive’, 5 Apr 1941, 5, and App C, ‘The Blitz Attack by Night’.

76. TNA, AIR 9/132, RE8 Report, ‘Consideration of the Types of Bombs for Specific Objectives Based on Experience of German Bombing in this Country’, 26 Sept 1940, 2–3.

77. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, OEMU/50/7, ‘Notes on the Work of R.E.8’, 18 Nov 1942; TNA, HO 191/203, A. R. Astbury, ‘History of the Research and Experiments Department, Ministry of Home Security, 1939–1945’, 21–3.

78. TNA, DSIR 4/366, Building Research Laboratory, List of Enquiries Aug 1940–Nov 1941.

79. For an excellent account see Randall Wakelam, The Science of Bombing: Operational Research in RAF Bomber Command (Toronto: 2009), 24–33.

80. Hugh Berrington, ‘When Does Personality Make a Difference? Lord Cherwell and the Area Bombing of Germany’, International Political Science Review, 10 (1989), 18–21.