The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

31. Glantz, Siege of Leningrad, 72–3; Harrison Salisbury, The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad (London: 1969), 297–8. Figures for German and Soviet aircraft from Ray Wagner (ed), The Soviet Air Force in World War II: The Official History (Newton Abbot: 1973), 48–52. The figures fluctuated a good deal over time and should be regarded as indicative only.

32. Cited in Anna Reid, Leningrad: Tragedy of a City under Siege 1941–1944 (London: 2011), 139.

33. RGVA, f.37878, o.1, d.443, MPVO HQ, Operational Report no. 2, Dec 1941 and Jan 1942, 1–3; Report no. 3, Feb 1942, 1; Report no. 5, Mar 1942; Report no. 9, Apr 1942; Report no. 50, June 1942, 1–2.

34. Ibid., f.37878, o.1, d.297, MPVO HQ, Operations of the German Air Force over the territory of the USSR, 22 June 1941–22 July 1941.

35. Ibid., f.37878, o.1, d.189, Reports on the enemy’s air raids over the territory of the USSR, 17 July 1941–Feb 1942, MPVO HQ, 1–3, 5–6; F.37878, 0.1, d.443, Report no. 9, Apr 1942.

36. Ibid., f.37878, o.1, d.189, 9–11, Report from Lt. Penkov, Ivanovo region, to Major Sosulin, MPVO HQ, 13 Dec 1941; 54–7, Report for Col. Baskov, Operational Dept., MPVO, from Lt. Col. Starchenko, Rostov MPVO-NKVD.

37. Ibid., 39–53, telegrams to MPVO HQ from Yaroslav region.

38. P. Batitsky, ‘Voiska protivovozduzhnoi’ 20–22.

39. RGVA, f.37878, o.1, d.445, Total number of hits on railroads from July–Dec 1941 to Jan–June 1942, 2; Summary of the enemy’s air raids on USSR’s railway facilities from 1 Jan to 1 July 1942, Report by Gen. Kovalev, Head of War Communications, 10–12, 15.

40. TsAMO, f.500, 0.801858, d.218, German Air Force operations staff, ‘Bemerkungen zum Einsatz der Luftwaffe, Nr. 19’, 5 Nov 1941, 10–12; ‘Bemerkungen Nr. 20’, 22 Jan 1942, 8–9.

41. RGVA, f.37878, 0.1, d.445, Report by Gen. Kovalev, 6–7, 8, 12–13, 22, 25.

42. Ibid., f.37878, o.1, d.443, MPVO HQ, Report no. 24, June 1942; Report no. 50, July 1942; f.37878, o.1, d.444, ‘Enemy aviation targeting railways and railway stations of the Soviet Union in May–July 1942’, 2–4.

43. Ibid., f.37878, o.1, d.444, MPVO HQ, Report no. 68, 19 Aug 1942.

44. Boris Voyetekhov, The Last Days of Sevastopol (London: 1943), 68–9, 71, 78–9.

45. Joel Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler’s Defeat in the East 1942–1943 (Lawrence, KS: 1998), 100–101, 110–17; Corum, Wolfram von Richthofen, 293–8.

46. Brookes, Air War Over Russia, 90.

47. RGVA, f.37878, o.1, d.438, 124, Stalingrad MPVO summative report of activities of enemy aviation in Aug 1942.

48. TsAMO, f.500, o.725109, d.1080, Operational Staff, German Air Force, ‘Sowjetunion: Einzelbildunterlagen von Werken der Flugrüstungsindustrie, der Kraftwagen und Kampfwagenherstellung’, 1 Feb 1942; o.725168, d.386, ‘Übersicht der Archivunterlagen: Band 1: Rüstungsindustrie’.

49. RGVA, f.37878, o.1, d.438, 125, Summative report, Aug 1942. See too Hardesty, Grinberg, Red Phoenix, 125, for Gen. Yeremenko’s vivid description of the damage done by the burning oil-storage tanks, which, as at Rotterdam, were responsible for much of the damage.

50. Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 188–9.

51. A. H. Birse, Memoirs of an Interpreter (London: 1967), 148–9.

52. RGVA, f.37878, o.1, d.444, MPVO HQ, Lt. Gen. Osokin, Military dispatches on the consequences of enemy air raids on the territory of the Soviet Union in Aug 1942, 17 Sept 1942; f.37878, o.1, d.438, 125, Summative report, Aug 1942. The figure was incomplete since some of the injured were drowned trying to cross to the east side of the river.

53. Ibid., report for Sept 1942, 15 Oct 1942; report for Nov 1942, 1 Dec 1942.

54. Williamson Murray, Luftwaffe: Strategy for Defeat 1933–1945 (London: 1985), 141–4.

55. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 134, Interrogation of Reich Marshal Hermann Goering, 10 May 1945, 10.

56. TsAMO, f.500, o.801858, d.218, German Air Force operations staff, ‘Bemerkungen zum Einsatz der Luftwaffe, Nr. 19’, 5 Nov 1941, 11–12.

57. Scott Palmer, Dictatorship of the Air: Aviation Culture and the Fate of Modern Russia (Cambridge: 2006), 115–21.

58. RGVA, f.37878, o.1, d.722, Lt. Col. Nechaev, MPVO HQ, ‘The state of the MPVO in People’s Commissariats of transport and industry at the time of the MPVO system transfer to the NKVD’, 24 Aug 1945.

59. Ibid., 52, 57; Maj. Bychkov, MPVO HQ, ‘Organisational Structure of the MPVO during the War’, 12 July 1945.

60. RGVA, f.37878, 0.1, d.189, Report on state of preparedness of the city of Kursk for Air Defence [n.d.].