The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

108. Ibid., BUFT 3/26, DBOps to Director of Research, Air Ministry [n.d. but late Oct 1942]. Some 40 per cent of explosive incendiaries had 3-minute delay, 5 per cent from 6–10 minutes.

109. Ibid, BUFT, 3/27, BOPs 1, ‘Present and Future Incendiary Technique as Applied to Area Attack’, 13 Oct 1942, 1, 2–4.

110. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 80, Bufton memorandum, ‘Incendiary Attack of German Cities’, Jan 1943, 3.

111. Armaments Design Establishment, Ministry of Supply, ‘The Development of British Incendiary Bombs during the Period of the 1939–1945 World War’, Dec 1946, 34–7.

112. CCAC, BUFT 3/28, NFPA, ‘Conflagrations in America since 1914’, Boston, 1942; NFPA, ‘National Defense Fires’, Mar 1942.

113. CCAC, BUFT 3/26, R. Ewell to Wing Commander A. Morley (BOPs 1), 3 Dec 1942, encl. Laiming to R. Russell (Standard Oil Development Co.), 29 Oct 1942, 3.

114. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/OEMU/50/8, RE8 Report, ‘German Domestic Architecture’, 1; LC, Arnold papers, Reel 199, Maj. Gen. O. Echols to Arnold, 28 Apr 1943.

115. James McElroy, ‘The Work of the Fire Protection Engineers in Planning Fire Attacks’, in Fire and the Air War: A Symposium of Expert Observations (Boston, MA: 1946), 122–30.

116. LC, Arnold papers, Reel 199, Arnold to Maj. Gen. Echols, 26 Apr 1943.

117. NARA, RG 107, Lovett papers, Box 9, Joint Magnesium Committee Report, 1 June 1942, 2, 12.

118. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 76, HQ Eighth Air Force, A-5 Division memorandum, ‘Theory and Tactics of Incendiary Bombing’, including Table II, ‘Incendiary Bombing Data for German Cities’.

119. AFHRA, 520.805, Eighth Air Force Chemical Section History, 1–4; Report for May 1945, 2.

120. TNA, AIR 40/1271, Target Committee, Report of 87th Meeting, 9 Apr 1943.

121. TNA, AIR 48/33, USSBS, Hamburg Field Report no. 1, 2. There were 78 in 1940, 38 in 1941, 10 in 1942. On 1943 see BA-B, R3102/10046, ‘Zerstörung von Wohnraum in deutschen Städten, 1942–43’.

122. TNA, FO 837/1315, ‘Bomber’s Baedeker’, Jan 1943, 131–7.

123. TNA, AIR 14/1779, Report for Dickens and Tizard from RE8, ‘Apparent Relative Effectiveness of I.B. and H.E. Attack against German Towns’, 7 Jan 1943.

124. RAFM, Saundby papers, AC 72/12, Box 7, ‘War in the Ether: Europe 1939–1945’, Oct 1945, 33–6.

125. Details in Alfred Price, Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare, 1939–1945 (London: 2005), 124–33, 153–4.

126. TNA, PREM 3/11/8, Tizard memorandum for Churchill, 22 July 1943; Churchill to Ismay, 23 July 1943; Portal to Sinclair, 24 July 1943; Churchill, note for Ismay, 30 July 1943.

127. For an excellent account of the operations see Keith Lowe, Inferno: The Devastation of Hamburg 1943 (London: 2007), Pt 2.

128. Westermann, Flak, 213–14.

129. Groehler, Bombenkrieg, 112.

130. Ibid., 112–13; Westermann, Flak, 214–15; Freeman, The Mighty Eighth, 78–9.

131. Horatio Bond, ‘The Fire Attacks on German Cities’, in Fire and the Air War, 95–7; Hans Brunswig, Feuersturm über Hamburg: Die Luftangriffe auf Hamburg im 2. Weltkrieg und ihre Folgen (Stuttgart: 1985), 269–71.

132. TNA, AIR 20/7287, Home Office, Jan 1946, ‘Secret Report by the Police President of Hamburg on the Heavy Raids on Hamburg, 1 Dec 1943’, 21–2; Groehler, Bombenkrieg, 113–14. Even escape into Hamburg’s waterways proved fatal as people plunged into near-boiling water.

133. Civil Defense Liaison Office, Fire Effects of Bombing Attacks, prepared for the National Security Resources Board, Nov 1950, 8–9; Horatio Bond, ‘Fire Casualties of the German Attacks’, in Fire and the Air War, 113–18.

134. Groehler, Bombenkrieg, 119; TNA, AIR 20/7287, ‘Secret Report of the Police President of Hamburg’, 17; Brunswig, Feuersturm über Hamburg, 278–9; Ursula Büttner, ‘ “Gomorrha” und die Folgen’, in Hamburg Forschungsstelle für Zeitgeschichte, Hamburg im ‘Dritten Reich’ (Göttingen: 2005), 618, 764.

135. TNA, AIR 40/425, Immediate Interpretation Report, 27 July 1943.

136. IWM, MD, vol 63, ‘Besprechung beim Reichsmarschall, 13 July 1943.

137. BA-MA, RL3/213, Flugzeug-Programme, Studie 1013, 16 Dec 1943.

138. IWM, MD, vol 63, ‘Niederschrift der Besprechung des Reichsmarschall mit Industrierat’, 14 Oct 1943.

139. Ibid., vol 52, minute on radar, 7 May 1943; Göring decree, ‘Verantwortlichkeit und Durchführung des Funkmess- und Funknavigationsprogramms’, 2 May 1943; Price, Instruments of Darkness, 136–9, 150.