God's War: A New History of the Crusades

9. Taken from the inscription on Nur al-Din’s Aleppo/Jerusalem minbar, trans. Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 152 and generally pp. 151–61.

10. William of Tyre, History ii, 235, and pp. 253–4 for the Cyprus raid.

11. On Manuel’s Antioch policy, P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, pp. 66–76; Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States, pp. 174–83.

12. Beha al-Din Ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, trans. D. S. Richards (Aldershot 2002), p. 45.

13. Accounts differ between Saladin’s own, M. Lyons and D. Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of Holy War (Cambridge 1984), p. 47 and the version possibly given later by Saladin to his friend Ibn Shaddad, Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 47.

14. According to Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 69; cf. Ibn Shaddad’s more specious version, Saladin, p. 49.

15. The best modern biography is Lyons and Jackson, Saladin. His full name translates as ‘the king, the governor, the goodness of the world and the Faith, father of Mustafa, Joseph, son of Ayyub, son of Shadhi the Kurd’.

16. Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, trans. H. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aldershot 2001), p. 27 and note. (Hereafter Itinerarium).

17. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 117 and note 26.

18. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, ll. 5,499–5,500, p. 227; J. Gillingham, Richard I (New Haven and London 1999), pp. 188, 216, 262.

19. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 69, 119, 141; for Saladin’s reputation in the Islamic world, Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 193–5, 592–600.

20. Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, pp. 87–90, 105–6; B. Lewis, The Assassins (London 1967), chap. 5.

21. Recorded by his secretary, Imad al-Din Isfahani, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 171–2.

22. M. Lyons, ‘Saladin’s Hattin Letter’, The Horns of Hattin, ed. Kedar, pp. 208–12.

23. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 28–9.

24. Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships, esp. pp. 134–5, 166.

25. William of Tyre, History, ii, 314.

26. William of Tyre, History, ii, 486–9; Kedar, ‘The General Tax of 1183’, pp. 339–45.

27. Most recently, B. Hamilton, The Leper King.

28. John of Ibelin, Livre des Assises c. xiii, ed. P. Edbury, John of Ibelin and Kingdom of Jerusalem (Woodbridge 1997), pp. 118–20.

29. The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, trans. P. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, ed. idem (Aldershot 1998), p. 33; for the siege of Jerusalem, ibid., pp. 55–67; Mas Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul, p. 175; L’Estoire de Eracles, RHC Occ., ii (Paris 1859), p. 70; Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade, pp. 38–9 (fourteen is the number of knights given here); Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum, ed. J. Stevenson, Rolls Series (London 1875), pp. 241–51.

30. Roger of Howden, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1867), i, 328.

31. As suggested by H. E. Mayer, ‘The Beginnings of King Amalric of Jerusalem’, Horns of Hattin, ed. Kedar, pp. 121–35.

32. William of Tyre, History, ii, 296–8 where the king is also accused of financial greed, a common charge against hard-pressed rulers.

33. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 90; Hamilton, The Leper King, p. 34, note 62.

34. On the state of Baldwin’s health and the diagnosis of leprosy, see Piers Mitchell, ‘An Evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV’, in Hamilton, The Leper King, pp. 245–58.

35. P. Edbury, Propaganda and Faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem’, Crusaders and Muslims, ed. Shatzmiller, pp. 173–89; cf. Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 403–73.

36. On William of Tyre’s prejudices, P. Edbury and J. Rowe, William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East (Cambridge 1988).

37. The chronicle attributed to Ernoul; see now Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 1–8.

38. William of Tyre, History, ii, 417–34.

39. Hamilton, The Leper King, p. 139, note 50 for references.

40. Hamilton, The Leper King, p. 167, notes 40–41.

41. See the reconstruction in Hamilton, The Leper King, pp. 179–85.

42. William of Tyre, History, ii, 491–8 for the events of the 1183 campaign; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 61–2.