God's War: A New History of the Crusades

3. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades, pp. 50–65; PL, 180, cols. 1,203–4; K. V. Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 164–5, 168 and refs.

4. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, pp. 187–8.

5. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, p. 180 and, for his account of the 1147 campaigns, pp. 170–82.

6. Vincent of Prague, Annales, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH SS (Hanover 1861), pp. 662–3.

7. Vincent of Prague, Annales, p. 663.

8. What follows is based on the eyewitness accounts by Raol, De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi, ed. David; and by the writers of the so-called ‘Lisbon Letter’, ed. S. Edgington, ‘Albert of Aachen, St Bernard and the Second Crusade’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 62–7; cf. M. Bennett, ‘Military Aspects of the Conquest of Lisbon’, ibid., pp. 71–89.

9. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 160–61.

10. David De Expugnatione, pp. 100–104, 110–11 for Veils; for Flemish recruitment, J. Phillips, ‘Bernard of Clairvaux and the Low Countries’, pp. 485–97.

11. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 68–9, 98–9, 100–101; Edgington, ‘Lisbon Letter’, p. 63; Phillips ‘Bernard of Clairvaux and the Low Countries’, but the letter from Bernard to Afonso, Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 469, is probably a forgery.

12. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 78–9; and, for his sermon, pp. 68–85.

13. Possibly Raol himself, David, De Expugnatione, pp. 154–5.

14. Bédier and Aubry, Chansons, p. 8.

15. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 60–61, 68–85, 102–3.

16. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 100–11 for debate; for Raol’s authorship and career, H. Livermore, ‘The Conquest of Lisbon and its Author’, Portuguese Studies, 6 (1990), 1–16.

17. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 110–15.

18. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 136–7.

19. Loc. cit.

20. Edgington, ‘Lisbon Letter’, p. 64.

21. For the Pisan, Edgington, ‘Lisbon Letter’, p. 64; David, De Expugnatione, pp. 162–3.

22. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 176–7 for pillage and murder.

23. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 178–81 and note 5 for Gilbert of Hastings.

24. Edgington, ‘Lisbon Letter’, p. 67, cf. Duodechin version, MGH SS, xvii, 28; Annales Elmarenses, Les Annales de Saint-Pierre de Gand et de Saint-Amand, ed. P. Grierson (Brussels 1937), pp. 111–12; G. Constable, ‘A Note on the Route of the Anglo-Flemish Crusaders of 1147’, Speculum, 28 (1953), 525–6.

25. N. Jaspert, ‘Tortosa and the Crusades’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, esp. pp. 90–91, 95, 97–100 and refs.

26. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, esp. pp. 88–97; Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, p. 174; John Kinnamos, Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, trans. C. M. Brand (New York 1976), p. 68; Conrad III to Wibald of Corvey, late Feb. 1148, Die Urkunden der Deutschen Könige und Kaiser, ix, Die Urkunden Konrads III, ed. F. Hausmann, MGH (Vienna, Cologne, Graz 1969), no. 195; in general, Berry, ‘Second Crusade’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, i, 483–512.

27. Kinnamos, Deeds, p. 60.

28. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 94–5.

29. J. W. Nesbitt, ‘The Rate of March of Crusading Armies in Europe’, Traditio, 19 (1963), 177; for the German march, Otto of Freising, Frederick, pp. 79–81; Kinnamos, Deeds, pp. 58–68; Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 32–5, 40–51.

30. For Manuel’s policy, Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States, pp. 145–63; Magdalino, Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, pp. 46–53.

31. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 94–5.

32. Hausmann, Urkunden Konrads III, no. 195.

33. For a detailed if biased eyewitness account, Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 20–143.

34. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 40–41.

35. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 58–9, 54–5 for attacks on the bishop of Langres and William of Warenne.

36. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 68–9.

37. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 68–73.

38. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 70–71.

39. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 76–83.

40. Kinnamos, Deeds, p. 70.

41. The French march across Asia Minor is vividly and painfully described by Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 82–143; cf. Kinnamos, Deeds, pp. 70–71.